New Caledonia

There are two primary facts about New Caledonia that are particularly interesting and unique.   The first is that it was formally colonized by the French in 1864, and for the next four decades following, it served as a Penal Colony.   The prison of ‘New Caledonia’, which housed thousands of French felons, would serve until 1897 when the penal nature of the island ended (World Infozone, New Caledonia). In addition to its use as a penal colony, New Caledonia is also unique for its natural resources.   For a stretch during the prominence of Nickel, New Caledonia as the world’s fourth largest exporter of Nickel, experienced great economic growth (Australian Radio ABC.net, New Caledonia). However, as the world demand for nickel has declined, the economy has struggled to regain its previous levels of prosperity. II. The Penal Colony New Caledonia was settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century.   Eventually, by 1853, it was officially colonized by France, and has remained in France’s possession ever since (Virtual New Caledonia).   â€Å"New Caledonia was founded as a penal colony, and the first shiploads of convicts were shipped from France to New Caledonia in 1864† (Logan, Leanna, p.16, 2001).   The conditions of the four-month sail from France to the new colony were horrible, and the few that did survive ended up living in small makeshift huts.   They were responsible for all of the colony’s public works; they built churches, and carved roads out of the landscape (Logan at p.16). The most terrible of the convicts sent over were kept in dungeons, and were put to extreme hard labor.   They were beaten, and within twenty years of the colonies formalization as a French colony, the guillotine made its way to the colony (Logan at p.16).   The guillotine would be used with regularity once arriving, and during its first 21 years 80 people felt its blade (Logan at. 16). New Caledonia, in all, would house more than 21,000-22,000 convicts from France.   This number would end, as in 1898, Le Governor Feillet decided to close the flow of â€Å"The dirty water spigot†, as he termed it.   He eventually ended the delivery of prisoners to the island (Croixdusud.info, New-Caledonia).   Although the flow of prisoners stopped, the actual camps continued until 1922, when 2310 prisoners were still held in camps (Croixdusud.info, New-Caledonia). The prison colony created several problems during its operation, including the fact that the population was almost exclusively male.   In addition, the large influx of various felons meant that eventually, many would be released, and the nation became a dangerous haven of ex-convicts. III. Nickel as Export The mineral industry of New Caledonia is dominated by Nickel (Lyday, Travis Q., 1999).   The French government, who earned 60% of the New Caledonia share, initially dominated nickel production in the area, while Japanese led companies (10%) and New Caledonia (30%) shared the balance (Lyday, Travis Q., 1999). Although large for a Pacific Island, New Caledonia’s only true export of immense value is Nickel.   As such, the economy is highly dependant upon the market economy for the mineral.   There are several uses for Nickel, and the market has shown major changes since the 1960’s (Cranfield, Peter, 2006, p.2). The peaks of usage rates for the United States were in the 1960’s, which were the golden age of post war growth.   During this time, the world had a growth rate of 7% for Nickel use, and the economy of New Caledonia felt the influx of this wealth of demand (Cranfield, Peter, 2006, p.2).   However, in each of the decades to follow, the demand growth has dwindled to 2%, and it does not appear to be increasing again any time soon. The products created from Nickel range from: stainless steel (62%), non-ferrous alloys (15%), batteries (4%), playing (7%), alloy steels and foundry (5% each)   (Cranfield, Peter, 2006, p.3).   It is very likely that the creation of new demand for nickel, much like the world has seen with stainless steel, will be instrumental in maintaining the economy of the island nation.   At the moment, China accounts for all increases in the demand for nickel worldwide.   Other exports like coffee and tourism assist New Caledonia’s economy, but nickel will remain its staple. IV.   Facts and Conclusions New Caledonia, as of 2006, has a population of 230,000 people (BBC News, 2006).   The major languages are French, Melanesian and Polynesian Dialects.   The major religion is Christianity, and the monetary unit is the Pacific Franc (BBC News, 2006).   The head of state is the French president, although there is a sovereign leader in New Caledonia, which has spurred inconsistent rumblings of an independence movement. (BBC News, 2006)   The representatives are freely elected, although are very polarized along country lines. The media is considered free, and there are various radio stations that are private in nature (BBC News, 2006).   The country is gaining some rights independent of France, as French citizens have been refused the right to vote in the nation subject to residency requirements. (BBC News, 2006)   There are rumors that the nation will vote for its independence between 2014 and 2019 in a referendum. The two most interesting facts about New Caledonia may be its nickel productions amazing level of world contribution, and the fact that it was colonized by the French for the sole purpose of housing its prisoners.   Although much of the impact of the penal camps are now gone, nickel remains the driving force of the economy. Bibliography ABC Radio Australia, ABC.net, New Caledonia, 2005, . BBC News, Regions and Territories, New Caledonia, December 20, 2006, . Cranfield, Peter, The Nickel Industry – Long Term Drivers of Nickel Supply and Demand, October 2, 2006, < http://www.insg.org/docs/Mr_Cranfield_Oct06.pdf >. Croixdusud.info, New-Caledonia, History, . Logan, Leanne, Cole, Geert, Lonely Planet New Caledonia, Lonely Planet Publications 2004, 4th edition. Lyday, Travis Q., The Mineral Industry of New Caledonia, 1999, . â€Å"New Caledonia,† CIA World Fact Book (2001), < http://www.cia.gov>. Nicol, David, The Fundamentals of New Caledonia, Luath Press Ltd. Publishing 2002, copyright 2002. Virtual New Caledonia, Information and Stats on New Caledonia, . World Info Zone, New Caledonia Facts, Copyright World Info Zone 1997-2007, .      

Loss Contingency for a Verdict Overturned on Appeal Essay

Accounting for a Loss Contingency for a Verdict Overturned on Appeal May 2007, W filed a claim against M for patent infringement. †¢ For the year ended December 31, 2007, management of M determined that a loss for this matter was probable and represented that the estimate of loss was in the range of $15 million to $20 million, with $17 million being the most likely amount of loss within the range. †¢ A jury trial took place in September 2009. †¢ The jury reached a verdict on September 24, 2009, and a judgment was ordered in favor of W. The judgment required M to pay W $18.5 million. †¢ In November 2009, M filed a Notice of Appeal with the Court of Appeals. †¢ In December 2010, the Court of Appeals issued a ruling in favor of M’s appeal and reversed the lower court’s ruling on the matter. This meant that the Court of Appeals overturned the jury verdict and the $18.5 million judgment against M. †¢ On January 6, 2011, W filed a petition for a re-hearing before the same panel of appellate judges against the reversal of ruling by Court of Appeals. †¢ On February 10, 2011, the appellate judges declined the petition for a re-hearing. †¢ On February 28, 2011, management of M determined this matter was closed upon discussions with in-house legal counsel. Required: 1. For the year-end December 31, 2007, financial statements, what amount should M record as a liability? 2. For the year-end December 31, 2009, financial statements, should M adjust its liability? If so, what amount should be recorded; and should the amount of the adjustment be considered a 2009 event or a prior period adjustment? 3. Should M record the reduction of the previously recorded loss contingency

Modeling and Solving Inventory Control Problems Essay

Due to customer needs for stylish forms, new modern designs, special packaging or better product production, changes in the business environment influence engineering and logistic relations between companies and suppliers. IT technology plays a big part in solving issues concerning the process. Inventory control became today’s vital problem in management supplier demands. The aim of the article is to determine a supplier-stocking–producing policy that will make cost optimal stockpiling possible for an optimal length producing time horizon. The stochastic newsvendor model is a mathematical model in operations management and applied economics used to determine optimal inventory levels. A decision maker needs to decide how many units of limited-useful life products to order for a single selling period because the aim is to have an optimal-length producing time horizon. The optimal solution seen is characterized by a balance between the expected costs of shortage and surplu s. According to seasonality analysis, demands for products change greatly in a certain period, therefore run-out problem of nowadays has a great importance. By improving the models that is highly related in solving the problem, they optimized the cost function of the parameter, which does not remove the possibility of back-order and is applicable for an optimal time horizon. The handling of product run-out problems was solved by the developed model which arises from the seasonality of the real demand. By using the developed classical newsvendor model, the minimal number of required production cycles can be determined in a specific production time horizon as well as the optimal quantity that needs to be manufactured in the cycle. It is different with other models such as probabilistic model, economic batch quantity model, quantity discount model because it gets the optimal inventory level in its optimal length period.

The Observed Experience of Cultural Difference Essay

The Observed Experience of Cultural Difference - Essay Example They continuously imitated my gestures in my practices of agreements and bowing while I spoke to them. Because I was a Chinese, they never asked me about my views regarding the topic we were discussing and I realized it was in relation to the issues of power distance. When I asked them for an assistant during the discussions, they would tell me that it was easy to understand but no assistant. This is very different as compared to our Chinese culture whereby we are taught to assist anyone in need of our assistance (Tocqueville, 2009). The teaching style was very different from how we are taught back in China, as we are taught to follow instructions. Nevertheless, the American way, we were taught to be creative. However, I came to understand that it was not the Chinese culture that rooted in me, but my unwillingness to look outside my limitations and adapt to the American way. Regardless of the differences between the two cultures being challenging and overwhelming to overcome, it boosted my adaptive capability to change. Now I am able to observe from the vantage point; two unique, discrete cultures and embrace them. After all, we are different, yet very much the same.

Unit 1 Seminar Case managemnet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 1 Seminar Case managemnet - Research Paper Example dividuals, actively manage any programs that ensure a successful service provision as well as making decisions that facilitate a smooth service provision (Metzger 30). Dual relationships mean relationships that crop up between a client and a worker in the course of their interaction. A dual relationship might occur consecutively or simultaneously during the interaction between the client and the service provider. There are various types of dual relationships. They include, social dual relationships whereby the client is also a friend, a professional dual relationship whereby the client and the service provider are professional acquaintances in other arenas and a communal dual relationship involves the client and worker living in the same area/community. Other dual relationships include sexual dual relationships whereby the two are involves in a sexual relationship and a business dual relationship whereby the client and worker are business partners as well. Client rights refer to the entitlement of a client to receive certain treatment or services. Some of clients’ rights include privacy and confidentiality, accurate and timely access to information, receipt of excellent services (Woodside, 271). Clients are also entitled to have the cultural needs respected as they get respect as well as dignity in service provision. For instance a client going to see a professional counselor over divorce or custody matters has the right to have information disclosed to the counselor private and confidentially no matter

Maternal problem in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Maternal problem in Australia - Essay Example Only Sweden (4.6) and Italy (3.9) are ahead of Australia in maternal care (Rogers, 2010). At the same time, the Department of health Australia (2015) says that smoking, alcoholism and drug use during pregnancy is common in Australia. It should be noted that smoking, alcoholism and drug use during pregnancy would cause immense harm to the physical and mental health of the mother and the child before and after its birth even though these habits may cause fewer threats to the life of the mother. In short, even though the death rates among the pregnant mothers due to maternal problems in Australia is less, crazy behaviors during pregnancy are causing problems to the newly born children in Australia As per the views of the Australian government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2013), Australia helps and advices developing and underdeveloped countries such as Asian and African countries in saving the lives of children, mother and pregnant women. In other words, Australia is currently giving tips to save the life of mothers and infants in the developing world. In fact they have the rights to do so since maternal problems in Australia is comparatively less and Australia has developed several innovative mechanisms to counter the problems during maternal life. At the same time, Perlen et al. (2013) conducted a study in Australia and concluded that many of the pregnant women in Australia are facing physical as well as mental problems. Perlen et al found that nine per cent of pregnant women (131/1500) had clinical depression in early pregnancy. As per their findings, the most commonly occurring problems during pregnancy are: exhaustion (86.9%) followed by morning sickness (64 .3%), back pain (45.6%), constipation (43.5%) and severe headaches or migraines (29.5%) The above findings are not much surprising considering the fact that a lot of pregnant women in Australia are smokers, alcohol users and drugs users.

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer Essay

Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer - Essay Example These three aspects have been a characteristic of society since the creation of the first social group. This then highlights the intrinsic extent of inequality. However, in the aim of maintaining the objectivity of this paper, economic inequality will be the principal focus. This is hinged on the fact that the main distinguishing element in the contemporary society is phrased in economic terms. The economic power and potential of an individual is used to elevate them into higher status. As such, the main rationale for this eventuality is the wage inequality of the contemporary society. A majority of the people are dependent, wholly, on the wages as their principal source of income. This translates to mean that changes in level of wage are bound to instigate a change in economic capabilities of the household. In this way, the rich continue to increase their wealth while the poor continue to struggle out of economic troubles that are continuously becoming difficult. In the endeavor of explicating on this pertinent issue, this paper will expound on the complexities of this subject matter. As such, it will include the work of Richard Reich, which tackles this issue. Economic inequality is at times regarded as an intrinsic element that cannot be removed. However, with the proper policies and attitude changes, this much needed realignment will be eventually be realized. In the absence of this, the level of inequality will continue to increase rapidly. The existence of inequality is imperative for the growth of a society. This is hinged on the rationale that this inequality is at times an element of motivation. As such its absence will lead to many looking for external motivating factors to work hard in life. There is always going to be those individuals I society who does not want to work hard like the other kinfolk. As such, with persons such as those in the society, it is a remarkable feat to counter the effects of such behavior. These assertions do not signal the absence strategies and subsequent policies that have been structured to aid in the reduction in the level of inequality. Rather, these assertions propagate the notion that these pre-existing policies are not efficient towards realizing this goal. As such, there is a need to offer fashion new strategies and polices that have a higher probability of realizing this goal of equality reduction. However, prior to embarking on the exercise of strategizing, it is essential to understand, first, the complexities of economic inequality. Robert Reich dedicates his article, â€Å"Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer† to this increasing economical gap between the upper, middle and lower class of people. To this fact, he employs the use of metaphors that are characterized by three boats. He continues to assert that these three boats are rising and falling. The rate with which these boats are sinking is varied. Additionally, it is dependent on the occupants and their role in corporate America (Reich 309). The boat representing the workers involved in routine processes is sinking at a rapid rate. The second boat represents the in-person servers and its rate of sinking is slow. However, in contradiction to the two previous boats, the third boat is rising steadily. This boat represents the symbolic analysts. Instead of simply stating the members of each boat and their respective rate of sinking, Reich gives the adopted rationale for the theory. The rapid rate of the first boat of routine workers is because of outsourcing initiatives employed by American firms (Reich, 310). What is referred to as cheap production alternatives is detrimental to the welfare of these routine workers. American firms, and many international firms, are

God's Chosen People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

God's Chosen People - Essay Example ( 2005, p.131) It is true that God chose the whole of man in the beginning of man’s time. Next to Adam and Eve, God chose Noah above all other men for the reason explained by the Scriptures: â€Å"But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord†¦Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God.† (Genesis 6: 8-9) God was decided on destroying men and beast, creeping and flying, because of its corruption and filled with violence, when He told Noah what to do in order to escape the first end of the world. After the flood destroyed all living things except those in the Ark, and the flood subsided, â€Å"†¦God blessed Noah and his sons and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth.† (Genesis 9:1) When the descendants of Noah did multiply, God scattered people throughout the earth by confounding or differentiating the languages of men and causing them to spread out. Then God favoured Abraham who was very produ ctive –â€Å"very rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold† (Genesis 13: 2). He was also a prayerful person who frequently talked to God. So God gave vast lands to Abraham and told Abraham that his descendants will multiply as much as the dust of the earth (Genesis 13: 16). When referring to the phrase God’s chosen people, it should mean those men and women to whom God communicated, cared for, and allowed to survive from generation to generation until the present. Furthermore, their lives became known through written words in stories utilized to teach other people the truth, the difference between right and wrong, and many virtues worth learning and assimilating for better lives. God blessed Abraham, his eldest son Ishmael (Genesis 17: 20 and 21:1-21), and Isaac (Genesis 17: 23), the younger son. But the Scripture says, â€Å"But my covenant will I establish with IsaacThe story of man’s relationship with God continued mostly through the life of Isaac, then his son, Jacob, followed by Joseph. Through Joseph, the family of Jacob was able to find food supply during the seven years of worldwide famine, coming from Egypt which was said to be the only nation with abundant supply. It was because God gave Joseph the power to accurately interpret dreams. Like Abraham, he had the gift of prophecy. With that gift of prophecy, he received authority and power from the Pharaoh and was able to prepare for the famine for 7 years. According to Schoenberg, Shira (2012), two of the tribes of Israel came from Joseph, the northern tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh. 300 years after Joseph died, Moses was born in Egypt. By that time, Israelites had been turned into slaves after a change of administration and also because the Egyptians saw that Israelites multiplied their population in Egypt. By the time of the Exodus, Israelites in Egypt were estimated to have reached 2.5 million to 3.5 million according to the Archeological and biblical research of Rudd, Ste ve (2005). It should be recalled that the name Israel was Jacob’s God-given name. Thus, whenever Israelites are mentioned, they are traceable to just one family, the family of Jacob whom God chose to have 12 tribes. Thiel, Bob (2012) traced the 12 Tribes of Israel that started out with the children and grandchildren of Jacob, namely, (1) Reuben whose descendants went to France; (2)

Reading reflection juvies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading reflection juvies - Essay Example One such advantage is that a jury takes the responsibility of administering justice to the minor. This is advantageous to the juveniles because the process will promote transparency during the trial. Members of a jury can be sympathetic to juveniles, leading to acquittals, or lighter punishments. However, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages of transferring the juveniles to an adult court system. In an adult court, chances are high that juveniles will get a harsher punishment, in comparison to the punishment they would get in a juvenile court. This is because an adult court treats them as adults; therefore, they qualify to receive the same punishments an adult will receive in the given trial. These children will suffer from stigma which emanates from a trial and a conviction under an adult court. The effect is that their self-esteem becomes low, leading to lack of confidence and self-worthiness. Marcovitz (2012) denotes that trial under an adult court exposes the crimes of these children, and this further leads to erosion of their confidence. Basing on these arguments, it is not good or ethical for a minor to be subjected to an adult court process. This will make them to be socially vulnerable, and impossible to reform them. They will suffer stigma, and their self-esteem will be undermined. At the adult prisons, these children will be vulnerable to manipulations by adult offenders. They will learn new ways of crime, coming out of the system as criminals, instead of rehabilitated offenders. However, some people would disagree with my opinion. Marcovitz (2012) denotes that a juvenile who commits a serious offense such as murder and homicide, should be treated as an adult. This will have an effect of deterring minor offenders from committing such kind of crimes. However, this argument is baseless because these offenders are always ignorant on issues that deal with law. Marcovitz (2012) denotes that children as young as 13 years who commit serious crimes shoul d be transferred to an adult court. However, in my own opinion, this age bracket is too low, because their minds are not yet fully developed to understand the justice system. This is also their age of adolescence; thus, they are vulnerable to act in ways that the society does not accept. On this note, should a waiver occur, the best age is 16 years. This is because at this age, the child is above the juvenile rehabilitation system and he can sustain the pressures that are characterized by a trial at an adult court. Marcovitz (2012) denotes that crimes commited by juveniles that ought to be taken to an adult court are murder, homicide cases, rape, carjacking, robbery with violence and criminal gang intimidations. Marcovitz (2012) denotes that during this process, there are two people who can determine whether a minor should be transferred to an adult court for trial. These are the prosecutor and the juvenile judge. A prosecutor can apply for waiver from the courts, but the judge afte r looking at the evidence presented, and the background of the child, he can decide to transfer the case to an adult court, or retain it at the juvenile court. These transfers should not be automatic upon application by the prosecutor, because prosecutors can miss out on important factors that made the child to commit such kind of a crime because of his interest in the case. On this note, an independent person is required to make the decision, and this person is the

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Economic - Essay Example When the government relaxed its price control and promoted foreign investment, the United States started to invest in PRC beginning 1979 after both countries establish diplomatic relations. With Japan as their fund provider since 1978 through soft loans, PRC is now the fastest growing major economy in the world. Its success has been attributed to a formula of cheap labor, ease government policy, overall infrastructure, high productivity, and some say, an underrated exchange rate. In spite of a growing trade surplus, PRC is consciously making effort to lower its inflation rate and/or manage inflation expectations by raising bank reserve ratio of deposits through a directive from PRC’s Central Bank. This brings as to the first question as to how will this affect the balance sheets of both the banks and the PRC’s Central Bank. As regard to the banks, their assets, particularly deposits will decrease and the same amount will increase the reserve in the â€Å"Liabilitiesâ⠂¬  portion in their Balance Sheet. Expectedly, the assets of the Central Bank either in receivables or deposits will increase as well as their reserves. Normally, banks hold two bank reserves, one is use for cashing checks or satisfying client’s withdrawals while the other is called â€Å"legal reserves† or sometimes called â€Å"federal reserves† or central bank reserves. ... Asian Development Bank (ADB) said in its 2011 Asian Development Outlook that â€Å"there is very little risk of hard landing because growth momentum remains robust for the medium term†. As compared to last year the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth will slow to 9.3% in 2011, a dip from 10.3% annual growth in 2010 (Global Times), mainly due to stubborn inflation this year. One determinant factor of inflation is the Consumer Price Index (CPI), as the CPI rise so is the inflation. Consumer consumption is one of the major components in arriving at the total GDP, the others are government expenditures, gross investment and the net of exports versus imports. Consumer consumption may not be a factor at this time because wages will not outpace production. Government expenditures were already programmed to pay maturing foreign loans, hence will be constant, while investment will decrease minimally due to expected increase in interest rates. The one that will affect most in computing the GDP is the net difference between exports and imports. As I analyze it, imports will continue to outpace exports due primarily to higher demands for fuel consumption, which are outsourced externally. The World Bank said â€Å"strong domestic demand and relative price changes has reduced the importance of external trade for China† (Reuters.com) There might be an oversupply of products which will considerably affect prices and therefore have an effect on equilibrium. As regard the aggregate expenses, again this will tend to be low as the net effect of imports versus exports is high. PRC’s Central Bank raising of RRR will certainly have an effect on the money multiplier since it will

Answer questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Answer questions - Coursework Example The acquisition cost of seed or cuttings should also keep in mind. Planting of most fruit trees, for example, are expensive. Some species are harder to adjust than others. Farmers should consider in advance how long they should take care of trees. If they need additional skills and knowledge to grow a particular species should be training or demonstration will be organized. Seeds or plants of the species considered easy. If asexual reproduction is necessary, farmers should receive training on how to do it. The seeds of Gliricidia sepium and Sesbania spp. For example, could not be readily available. Farmers need help with how to distribute the trees using root cuttings. They may not even enough time for the harvest of cuttings. Question 2 Role of trees or roots of fig trees is no different than any other plant. Edible fig (Ficus carica) roots, for example, grow best in fertile soil rich in organic matter that is moist but never soggy. Roots have four functions. Anchoring the plant fig s, absorbs water and nutrients for plant growth and flowering and fruiting activities, in the case of tropical fig trees, aerial roots hanging from the branches to improve weight distribution of the structure.Picture of the roots can grow to a diameter of branches to see above the ground. Fig trees do not grow the carrot-like tap roots, but the diffuse array, or weaving roots penetrated the body of at least two or three times as much as the diameter of the crown of the plant. Like when you snap a branch of plant leaf figs, or milky sticky sap oozing from broken roots Fig. Some species tropical fig tree roots "are growing rapidly and are known to lift sidewalks or pavement, which spread across the landscape. Question 3 Carbon sequestration in the agriculture sector refers to the capacity of agriculture lands and forests to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by trees, plants and crops through photosynthesis and stored as carbon in biomass in tree tru nks, branches, foliage and roots and soils. Forests and stable grasslands are referred to as carbon sinks because they can store large amounts of carbon in their vegetation and root systems for long periods of time. Soils are the largest terrestrial sink for carbon on the planet. The ability of agriculture lands to store or sequester carbon depends on several factors, including climate, soil type, type of crop or vegetation cover and management practices. The amount of carbon stored in soil organic matter is in?uenced by the addition of carbon from dead plant material and carbon losses from respiration, the decomposition process and both natural and human disturbance of the soil. By employing farming practices that involve minimal disturbance of the soil and encourage carbon sequestration, farmers may be able to slow or even reverse the loss of carbon from their ?elds. In the United States, forest and croplands currently sequester the equivalent of 12 percent of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions from the energy, transportation and industrial sectors. Question 4 Major reasons of the changes in the forested land due to human reasons include: industrialization, suburbanization, land trust movements and settlements and agriculture. Question 5 Pleistocene climate was characterized by repeated glacial cycles where continental glaciers pushed to the parallel 40 in some places. It is estimated that glacial

Media Coursework & The Simpson Essay Example for Free

Media Coursework The Simpson Essay Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. The Simpsons confirm to some stereotypical sitcom genre stereotypes, but ultimately subvert them by proving to dysfunctional. A sitcom is a 30 minutes programme, which contains humour and different types of comedy. In this essay, I will evaluate the extant to which the episodes The Simpsons roasting on an open fire Sitcoms of the past showed the ideal family; always nuclear a mum, dad and kids. The dad was respected and it had a bread winner mum-housewife cooks and cleans with two kids, the son is mostly the clever one and the daughter follows in the footsteps on her mother. E. g. leave it to beaver and the Cosby show. Sitcoms are popular because they relate to real people, take the Simpsons as an example, Homer can relate to people that an unorganised an lazy people; Marge is a representation, responsible, hardworking housewife; in Lisa we can relate to nerdy person and through Bart can relate to people that are not very clever and like skate boarding and rock music. The Simpsons opening scene starts with the title effect which Christmas snow effect with jungle bells and at the start of the scene there are late to a special Christmas concert where they arrive there children will be singing and when they arrive we know that the parents are tired and Homer drives fast and hits the car at this opening scene is called The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire which we know that there will be trouble. It follows the traditional structure of sitcoms. It has an orientation when the family prepare for Christmas and it is going to be expensive which is the beginning of the story; a complication produces problems, which makes the audience laughs when Homer doesnt Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical sitcom. Refer to a specific episode that you have watched to support your evaluation. A sitcom is another word for situation comedy for example, Leave It to Beaver which was the first US sitcom in the 1950s. A sitcom is usually about a family consisting of dad, mum and two children. This is called a nuclear family. The situation or setting that the story takes place in is their home. Sitcoms are shown on TV and usually lasts for half an hour. It is a comedy and you can usually hear a live studio audience in the background. In the past, sitcoms always showed happy conventional white families who were always perfect. Dad was always the breadwinner and had a highly respectable job and the mother was always very attractive and happy to stay looking after the home and children. In Leave it to Beaver the son was a high achiever like the father and the daughter wanted to be a homemaker like mum. Sitcoms have changed over time because today mothers may now have careers and dads have to have respect for their wives just as they have respect for themselves. These days family problems are not hidden and people want to see realistic life-like situations in sitcoms. However although sitcoms started to show other families like a black family in The Cosby Show, they were still upper middle class. The Simpsons was the first sitcom to really show problems faced by working class families. Sitcoms are popular because all ages can watch it for fun and enjoyment; charaters of all ages provide someone for everyone to identify with. The Simpsons are even more popular because as an animation they can also have other celebrity characters such a Barry White and Michael Jacson. The Simpsons episode Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire had an opening sequence where the title came up through snowflakes and jingly music. We hear Marge speaking to Homer saying Oh slow down Homer! which shows she is worried. Homers response, We dont have time to slow down were late makes us think that he is stubborn, wanting things his way and that he doesnt think too much about the safety of his wife and baby. This opening sequence immediately lets us see that this family is not perfect but realistic. We can see from this episode that The Simpsons does follow the traditional narrative structure. The audience gets orientation from not only the opening sequence but also the next couple of scenes where they were at the school Christmas performance, putting up Christmas lights and the children asking for expensive difficult presents. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses. Evaluate the extent to which The Simpsons follow the conventions of a typical Sitcom The Simpsons are an animated U. S Sitcom family and up to a point are a typical realistic family of five. They have their good and bad times. In this essay, I will be evaluating to what extent The Simpsons follow the conventions of a stereotypical Sitcom. To support this, I am going to be referring in detail to an episode of The Simpsons called The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire. A Sitcom is a 30 min comedy T. V show about a family; in a sitcom the main character is usually the father. I will analyse how sitcoms have changed over time, Sitcoms use to only air upper/middle class familys which were white familys only, but as time went past ant the racism cooled down, they started to air black familys as well, in my opinion The Simpsons are made bright yellow is to make a joke out of sitcoms because sitcoms use to be aired as white people only in the past. The opening sequence in the episode starts with the title The Simpsons Roasting On An Open Fire with some jingle bells and Christmas effects. Then it jumps into Homer Marge driving to their childrens concert in dangerous situations. Marges voice makes her sound really tired, but homers voice just makes him sound silly, not the typical father you would find in other Sitcoms. Marge actually believes that Barts ironic humour is right; it shows that they must care for Bart more in my opinion. From analysing The Simpsons Roasting on an open fire I have seen that the orientation is getting ready for Christmas expenses.

Movements to Develop Equality

Movements to Develop Equality Irving Kristol explained it best when he said, â€Å"Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word, equality. But notice the difference: while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude† (SearchQuotes). The government wants America to be a dystopian society similar to that found in Harrison Bergeron, so that the officials will have complete management over Americans. The government does this by the ever-changing meaning of words over time to suit their desires. Additionally, they also do this by convincing the folks that the whole of society is more vital than the individual. This control stays hidden and disguised as â€Å"equality† when it really is a type of socialism referred to as Marxism. Merriam-Webster outlines â€Å"Equality† as the quality or state of being equal: the quality or state of having the same rights, social status, etc. (Merriam-Webster). The government efforts to achieve economic equality include enhancing opportunities through tax policy, subsidized training and education, redistributing wealth or resources, and preferential treatment of those historically treated unequally (Merriam-Webster). This is stated as affirmative action and it was meant to counteract the lingering effects of generations of past discrimination (Merriam-Webster). â€Å"Sameness† is outlined by Merriam-Webster as the quality or state of being alike (Merriam-Webster). Sameness is additionally listed as a synonym of equality. Being â€Å"equal† has no similarity to being the â€Å"same†. To make everybody the â€Å"same† the government would need to either pull most of the folks up to a far better level, or push a number of folks all the way down to the common. This reeducation of society is the principle that Marx advocated. Marxism is defined as a theory and practice of socialism as well as the labor theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society (Merriam-Webster). In today’s society, one example remains shown in things like not keeping score in little league baseball games (House). They tend to take it even further and all of the kids get a reward at the end of the championship game, regardless of if they won or not (Geist). There is no distinction between the winning team’s trophy and the losing team’s trophy because they say that they do not wish the kids to possess a reminder that they lost the big game (Geist). This is precisely what exists within the story Harrison Bergeron. The reeducation of society, that everybody is a winner, that no one person is better than anyone else is (Vonnegut). As an exa mple, the state imprisons Harrison, once he refuses to be re-educated (Vonnegut). Although his reeducation fails, the point and propose behind his reeducation was to brainwash him into thinking that he was no better than anyone else was (Vonnegut). This reeducation was in conjunction with the physical burdens placed upon him (Vonnegut). There is a contemporary movement referred to as the Ninety-Nine Percent (Wikipedia). The Occupy protesters expression, We are the 99%, asserts that the 99% pay for the mistakes of the 1% (Wikipedia). The One Percent being the rich folks in America. The ninety-nine are saying that it is not fair that some have more than others and that all assets and cash ought to be divided equally among all the individuals. This movement resulted in the proposal of the Buffet Rule. It was a part of a tax plan projected by President Barack Obama in 2011 (Wikipedia). The tax plan would apply a minimum rate of thirty percent on people making more than a million dollars a year (Wikipedia). According to a White House official, the new tax rate would directly affect 0.3 % of taxpayers (Wikipedia). Again, this harkens back to Marxism and Harrison Bergeron because it would cause class struggle and it would negatively influence job creation and investment. â€Å"Class warfare also known as class struggle is the tension or antagonism that exists in society because of competitive socioeconomic interests, needs, and desires between folks of various classes† (Wikipedia). In the story, everyone instructed not to compete as it results in greed and unbalance which nobody should have more than anyone else does. I mean-you dont compete with anybody around here. You just sit around. If I tried to get away with it, said George, then other peopled get away with it-and pretty soon wed be right back to the dark ages again, with everybody competing against everybody else. You wouldnt like that, would you? Id hate it, said Hazel. There you are, said George. The minute people start cheating on laws, what do you think happens to society? †¦ Reckon itd fall all apart, said Hazel. (http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/harrison.html) Another book that shows this Marxist idea is Anthem, a dystopian fiction novella by Ayn Rand. Written in 1937, this novel is extremely similar in respects to Harrison Bergeron, having concepts completely different from those around them carries a death penalty. during this story by in this, Anthem is written as the diary of Equality 7-2521, a young man living in a future during which folks have lost all knowledge of individualism, to the extent of not even knowing words like I or mine. Everybody lives and works in collective groups, with all aspects of existence determined by councils. Once he is assigned to a menial job cleaning the streets, Equality 7-2521 rebels against collectivism by conducting secret research, that eventually leads him to re-create the electric-light bulb (Lawrence). Once he presents his discovery to the Council of scholars, they condemn him for daring to act as an individual and threaten to destroy his creation (Lawrence). He flees into the uncharted Forest, h is love, a woman referred to as Liberty 5-3000 joins him. They come across an ancient house, a relic of the unmentionable Times before collectivism. There they discover the lost language of the self. They rename themselves Prometheus and Gaea, and Prometheus vows to use his new information to create a society based on individual freedom (Lawrence). This can be somewhat shown in Harrison Bergeron once Harrison takes over the ballet and tries to point out the corruption of the handicapper General. Where the hero in Anthem succeeded, Harrison fails and is killed. Another novel that shows this same plan, The Giver is a futuristic science fiction novel set in a utopian society written by Lois Lowry. Within the community, there are no feelings, hunger, inequalities, and no pain. Everything and everybody is required to be â€Å"equal.† each family unit is uniform and prescribed consistently with the community leaders. Every member of the community has their profession assigned when they turn twelve and Jonas is to become the receiver of memory. While he is training with the Giver, he realizes the reality of the community he lives in. The folks of the community do not get to feel love, true happiness, or any of the nice qualities of life. On the opposite hand, they have eliminated pain, strife and therefore the impractical by converting to Sameness,† again the same underlying theme of making everybody equal by forcing them to be identical. Those who do not live up to the standards of this Utopian society are quickly released. Jonas la ter finds out that this release process is an equivalent to that of death (Jordan). He decides that it is up to him to return what freedom to the members of the community (Jordan). With the assistance of the Giver, Jonas escapes, with Gabe, from the community, in hopes to unleash all past memories back to the community. This memory release causes the community members to experience-unfelt feelings of pain, loss, famine, war, as well as human differences, love, and happiness. Social promotion is at the very core of this â€Å"sameness† technique of control. Kids that do not have any business moving on at school receive automatic promotion to the next grade (Wikipedia). This promotion is so that children do not have their feelings hurt, and their parents do not feel insulted. The administration says that it is enough that the student tried, that they participated, they did their best and what they do not understand this year will be tutored to them once more next year (Wikipedi a). Just like in Harrison Bergeron where the main goal is for everyone to be no better than anyone else can be as seen here, Only, if I was Handicapper General, you know what I would do? said Hazel. †¦ Id have chimes on Sunday-just chimes. Kind of in honor of religion. I could think, if it was just chimes, said George. Well-maybe make em real loud, said Hazel. I think Id make a good Handicapper General. Good as anybody else, said George. Who knows better than I do what normal is? said Hazel (Vonnegut). Some schools in today’s world think this is healthy to tell children that it is ok if they do not win. Even better, do not attempt to be the best; simply attempt â€Å"your best†. Again, more wording from the book simply do â€Å"your best† that is all anyone can ever do. The television program was suddenly interrupted for a news bulletin†¦ For about half a minute, the announcer tried to say, Ladies and Gentlemen. He finally gave up, handed the bulletin to a ballerina to read. Thats all right- Hazel said of the announcer, he tried. That is the big thing. He tried to do the best he could with what God gave him. He should get a nice raise for trying so hard† (Vonnegut). With this is mind, one can see why Kurt Vonnegut’s Harrison Bergeron, Ayn Rand’s Anthem, and Lois Lowry’s The Giver, are to not be used as a road map to political success. These books are dire warnings to the folks of America. These books have be analyzed repeatedly and more and more connections to today’s government and society are found in their pages. With the meaning of words ever-changing, depending on what political cluster uses them and therefore the collective being told that the entire of society is more vital than the singular; one can see why the government is getting away with this socialist reign. The United States government needs this precise variety of thinking, this kind of control, to keep the voters complacent just like the â€Å"same† sheep that they are turning into already. A scaling tax to penalize hard work to show the futility of being greedy and wanting more. Welfare to take from the rich and give to the poor to make it fai r. Mandatory health care is not the free medical benefit that the government glorified it to be at the beginning. It has created the impoverished more dependent upon the government for subsides within which they use to pay for their necessities. The government is dumbing down America and stringing them along when it involves getting the necessities required to survive. Society is permitting this to happen without realizing it is happening. These authors are attempting to offer a warning to the folks. To notice the corruption and greed, to stand up and say that enough is enough. Although just like the stories they write, anyone that goes against the government is discredited and unheeded. Which ensures that things continue the way they are and therefore the government stays in power. Works Cited Equality.Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/equality Affirmative Action.Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/affirmative action Marxism.Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Marxism Sameness.Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sameness Geist, William.Little League Confidential: One Coachs Completely Unauthorized Tale of Survival. New York: Macmillan; 1992. 203-204. Print. Trimmer, Joseph F. Harrison Bergeron.The Riverside Reader. Eighth ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005. 559-566. Print. Lowry, Lois.The Giver. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2012. Print. Rand, Ayn.Anthem. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1988. Print. House, Hill. Rules for T-Ball, AA, and AAA Baseball (n.d.): N.P. Hill House, 21 Apr. 2013. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://www.hillhouseboston.org/Assets/Hill+House+Digital+Assets/Documents$!2c+PDFs/Tball$!2c+AA$!2c+AAA+Rules.pdf Lawrence, Richard. Summary of Anthem.Anthem Summary and Character Descriptions. Richard Lawrence, 31 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://www.noblesoul.com/orc/books/rand/anthem/summary.html#brief Jordan, Amy. The Giver.The Giver. Ernest Bond, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~elbond/giver.htm#anchor2 Buffett Rule.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, n.d. Web. 26Nov.2014. We are the 99%.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, n.d. Web. 26Nov.2014. Class conflict. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. Occupy movement.Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, n.d. Web. 26Nov.2014. SparkNotes: The Giver: Context.SparkNotes: Todays Most Popular Study Guides. N.p., n.d. Web. 26Nov.2014. Democracy Quotes. Socrates Democracy Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. http://www.searchquotes.com/search/Socrates_Democracy/>. HARRISON BERGERON.Harrison Bergeron. (SearchQuotes) N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. http://www.tnellen.com/cybereng/harrison.html>. Social Promotion. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Nov. 2014. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_promotion>.

Automating the process of jib crane design

Automating the process of jib crane design Automating the Process of Jib Crane Design Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction In a jib crane horizontal jib is fixed to a piller or to a wall and supports a movable lift. Jib crane mostly used in industries and for military purpose. The jib can also swing by the arc which corresponds to lateral movement (additional). These types of crane are used in warehouse stores to lift the goods to all floors. In the materials handling industry workers are often required to do large payloads. In situations where large payload movements would require extra forces to be applied by the operator, the material handling devices are provided now with automatic or motorized power assists. These are basically designed such that they can reduce operator tiredness and damage. Such cranes are power assisted jib cranes with advanced design. A jib crane consists of a pendulum like end line attached to a rota-table jib. Within this general cranes category there exist some devices with multiple degrees of freedom which includes variable load line length and jib length which is also variable. Point-point payload maneuvers with jib cranes are performed so as not to incite the spherical pendulum modes of the cable attached and payload assembly. In a typical way these pendulum modes yet time-varying, but shows low frequencies. That results in slow performance; hence high construction and transportation costs can occur. The figure below shows the different parts of jib crane. [Franklin, 1994] Jib Cranes are industrial machines which mostly uses for materials movements in construction of buildings, production halls, assembly lines, storage areas, and power plants. The design features of jib crane vary widely according to their major operational and manufacturing specifications such as: crane structure according to motion, weight and type of the load, crane location, geometric features, and environmental conditions. However, a review of the available literature tells that technical design of jib cranes are highly saturated and standardized in many industrial companies and organizations independent of the jib crane type. [Marchese, 1974] 1.2 Problems/Issues Today most companies currently uses manual calculations to provide product design specification for their jib cranes for their customers requirements. This job involves very hard work and the manual calculation. The reduced man work will efficient the companys process for design and manufacturing of the product. So it would be beneficial to automate this process which requires a software package in which all calculation can be done automatic. 1.2.1 Current Problems The problems in jib crane design incorporate advance design for their different customers and their different purpose and the companies dont have a computer program which calculates the design specifications for manufacturing for their customers. [Erden, 1996] 1.2.2 Literature review Current material handling systems exhibit anisotropic behavior. Their two planar degrees of freedom have requirement of different force inputs from the operator. For jib crane in generation of isotropic behavior there can be two directions, the first direction generates isotropy by floating the boom above the load. The second direction adds a power trolley and is capable of assisting by providing power to actually accelerate the given load. We can provide a cable angle sensor and ultrasonic distance sensor for the intelligence necessary to achieve isotropy. [A, Lorenz, 1999] Consideration of the available technology that is mainly based on the accumulated previous experience is important for better performance, higher safety and more reliable designs. It is well known that generic features of jib crane components are similar for various different types of cranes. Since the jib crane design procedures are highly standardized with these components, main effort and time spent in jib crane design projects are mostly for interpretation and implementation of the available design. In the figure below a rotatory jib crane is shown with degrees of freedom. The crane considered here consists of a rotatable jib with a load line attached to the end. A mass, representing a payload, is attached to the end of the load-line. The figure (1) is shown for analysis. The three co-ordinate system (three vectors shown) attached to the jib and rotates about the hub with an angular rate (gamma). The rotation angles are defined as rotation of the load-line about the two axes. The attachment point of the load-line to the jib is at a distance x from the centre of rotation of hub. The load-line has length L and the payload mass m. Alternative Concepts: Several concepts were evaluated: Single tension rod A single-rod design is assumed during the initial calculations to determine reaction forces on the building column. Extra analysis explained that this design did not have enough power for its length and capacity. Truss A trussed beam is considered, as it would have provided a very light, strong crane. This design was shortly discarded because it would have proven very difficult to study and build. Two tension rods A two-rod design can be selected because it could be made strong enough to support the design load up to the length of 30 feet, yet be simple enough to analyze with a combination of manual calculations and computer-based analysis. 1.2.3 Objectives To understand design and analysis of jib crane To design jib crane in AutoCAD / Solid work To develop calculation of jib crane data using Microsoft excel Chapter 2 Methodology 2.1 Flow chart: Start Design and analysis for the jib crane (Existing Design) and a modified design AutoCAD Design Create Microsoft excel software End In the initial stage the project overview and scope of project is analyzed. Further on the literature based on the current design is reviewed. Next stage is examining the design advancement of the jib crane using sensors and control to automate the crane process and in lowering the operator stress and power. After that the software developed will be used in design and selection of major jib crane parts for the manufacturing. The design stated by software would be seen as in AutoCAD or solid work. In the final stage the further advancement and conclusion will be made. The stages of the project are shown below. 2.2 Description: The project will consist of manual calculations of design specifications for the complex structures like Jib crane along with automated process. The use of Microsoft software along with some other package will be usedso that it would be more users friendly. First thecalculationwill be donelike moment of inertia, torque and transmission ratios etc.for the advanced mechanicaldesign of the Jib crane[Juvinall,1991] then the number of variables will be included in software to give the product design specification for jib crane directly which will help in reducing the manwork. The simple advantage to get the all data which are required in jib crane design will come directly and this process will help in reducing time taken to produce a required jib crane. The work will be done with existing data and current methods of calculation. At the end of project, a manufacturer should not calculate the various design data for the custom design of the jib crane for different purpose. The jib crane software itself will pick the most essential and important data and according to that will choose the simplified method to give design specification directly. Reader will be able to understand the various methods involved in jib crane design and advancement of design and the analysis of jib crane to make it effective. The practices followed and measures developed to make high-rise construction a safer job will be listed in report. Some of the main benefits of the automated design include the following: Greater consistency of design; this makes manufacturing and field service easier. Ability to explore more alternatives; because design can be created in a shorter time, it allows designers to study more alternatives. 2.3 Gantt Chart Gantt Chart: Project on â€Å"Automating design of jib crane† TASKS Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Selection of the Topic Submission of the Project Proposal Literature survey on the Topic Submission of the Interim Report Software development Conclusion and Recommendations Final Report Submission Chapter-3 Design and Calculation of Jib Crane 3.1 Design Concepts for Jib Crane Jib cranes, a free standing or portable jib crane is an economical solution for moving materials within an individual workstation, for transferring materials from work area to work area, or for use as an auxiliary lifting device under an overhead crane. Jib cranes are designed and manufactured in four styles: Free standing or portable jib cranes Wall bracket tie rod supported jib cranes Wall cantilever jib cranes Mast style jib cranes (top and bottom supported) Articulating jib cranes are also manufactured for positioning loads in those hard to reach places where most Standard jib cranes cannot reach. An articulating jib crane can move loads around corners and columns, reach into machinery, and service an area from the closest pivot point to the end of the boom allowing 360 º of operation. Another jib crane is the workstation jib crane. From self-supporting to wall mounted, workstation jib cranes provides economic, supplemental lifting coverage with 200 º or 360 º of rotation. Features Standard jib cranes range in capacity up to 5 tons and spans to 20 feet. Jib cranes feature on unique trussed boom design, which offers longer spans for custom jib crane designs. Free standing and mast type jib cranes offer 360  º rotations. Wall mounted offers 200 º of rotation. Design Factor The standard capacity rating of a jib crane represents the net rated load of the hook at the hook of a hoist of the same rated capacity as the crane. The design factor for the stresses in the crane is based on the capacity plus 25% of the rated load for impact and 15% of the rated load for the weight of the hoist and trolley. This was used all along with the average yield stress of the material to find out the type of the design. [Juvinall, 1991] This design provides a margin to allow for variations in material properties, operating conditions, and design assumptions. No crane should be supposed to ever, in any circumstance, be weighted beyond its rated capability. Service Factor The maximum weight of the application should match, NOT exceed, and design weight. The capacity rating is dependent and based on a design load. The jib crane design criterion allows the least amount of deflection so as not to hamper the performance of the jib crane. 3.2 Design of a Jib Crane The unit system of choice is normally SI. For this design, though, the BG (British Gravitational) system is chosen because the dimensions of most acquired components are in inches. We are doing analysis and design of a 30-foot, 1 ton jib crane. Requirements The crane must meet the following criteria: Should have a capacity of one ton (2000 lb). Should have a 30 feet length. Should be able to mount on the existing building structure. The design load is 2700 lb, defined as follows: Pd = 2000 lb + 25% overload + 200 lb trolley weight The length of the crane is taken as that of the main beam. The entire crane will arrive at approximately 372 inches from its pivot point. The alternative concepts are already evaluated earlier. We are taking the crane with two tension rods. 3.2.1 Reaction Force Calculations Before detailed design could begin, it had to be determined whether the building structure could support the new crane. This can be accomplished by drawing a free body diagram of the overall crane structure, and calculating the forces that would act on it. The design load should be positioned in the worst-case position hence at the end of the main beam. Since the weight of the crane makes a noteworthy horizontal reaction force, its main structural components were specified for this practice. A single 200-lb tension rod, attached at 20 feet from the root of the main beam The weight of the vertical member (eight feet at 25 pounds per foot) was used in calculating the vertical reaction force, but was not deemed significant in calculating the horizontal reaction forces. Minor components e.g. mounting brackets and pin- fasteners, are not going to consider. The calculations solved on paper, give the following results for The 10 Inch diameter S10at25.4 the beam: Horizontal reaction force: 12,556 lb Vertical reaction force: 3854 lb 3.2.2 Design of Main Beam The main beam is the most structurally significant part of the crane, and thus was the first to be designed. The maximum stress of a crane has to be less than one fifth of the ultimate strength of the steel. The maximum deflection should be less than 600th part of the length of the crane. Manual calculations proved that the 8-inch beam would buckle under the compression made by applying the design load at the end of the beam. Buckling load A Beam, 360 inches long, meets both stress and deflection guidelines when used with two tension rods. The maximum stress and deflection, when the load is on the end of the crane, are as follows 3.2.3 Primary Structure With the main beam specified, the rest of the crane was designed around it. A model was constructed consisting of the main beam, the vertical member, and the tension rods, which were arbitrarily attached at 15 and 25 feet from the root of the main beam. Manual calculations performed later confirmed that these were appropriate attachment points. For the sake of simplicity, the vertical member can be specified as the same cross section as the main beam and the vertical member is 96 inches long. Rod tension Assume main beam pinned at one end 3.2.4 Minor Components Connecting the Tension Rods to the Main Beam The tension rods are connected to the main beam using a clevis, which is pinned to a mounting plate welded to the main beam. This clevis is having a tensile load rating of 45,600 lb which allows a considerable safety factor. The clevis pin is protected with a 1/8†inch cotter pin. Double-shear calculations show it to be more than strong enough. Clevis Pin The clevis mount was designed over-large, to fill up the clearances provided by the clevis. The calculations show that the clevis mount, like the clevis itself, provides a significant margin of safety. Clevis Mount Su = 58000 psi Sus = 33640 psi F = 21658 lb th = 2 ½ in ro = 21/8 in ri = 7/8 in d = 1 ¾ in The tension rod is connected to the clevis through a turnbuckle and since the clevis has a rod diameter of 1 ½ inches, the stud must be turned down from 2 ¼ inches to 1 ½ inches. The lower end of the tension rod should be threaded for inclusion into the turnbuckle. Specification of Bearings Using the overall horizontal reaction force as the radial load, the bearings can be specified. The bolt holes in the flange of this bearing are placed in the identical position. Design of Welds The weld connecting the tension rod to the top of the vertical member requires individual explanation. The tension rod on the crane is bent, and then welded to the top of the vertical member of that crane After placing one rod on top of the vertical member, welds 1 and 2 should consist of a groove weld, then a fillet weld. Weld 3 should use the same pattern subsequent to the second rod is being placed. At last, weld 4 is a groove weld. All welds should fill up obtainable clearances. 3.3 Design Modification: For each handling device, the two horizontal DOF differ in feel. For the jib and gantry cranes, motion along the trolleys direction of travel requires relatively little force. Similarly, on the bridge crane, motion along the bridge is relatively easy. But for the jib crane, moving perpendicular to the booms length is complicated by the booms rotational inertia and the boom pivots friction. For the gantry crane, this perpendicular motion is very difficult due to the large inertia of the crane, and as stated earlier, often requires power assist. Finally, for the bridge crane, it is the large inertia of the bridge and resulting increased rolling resistance in its trolleys that make the perpendicular motion more difficult. Low speed power assist has been added to each of these difficult motions: rotation of the boom on a jib crane, translation of a gantry crane, and translation of the bridge along the fixed rails of a bridge crane. The control of this power has been limited to simple push button on/off switches and control algorithms which provide a slow start and stop to minimize load swing. The anisotropy exhibited in the different motions remains. This lack of isotropy makes it difficult for workers to move an object from point to point. The worker must constantly vary the applied force as the desired direction of motion changes. To think of this phenomenon in different terms, consider a round stick half immersed in a pool of water. It is very easy to move this stick through a curved trajectory. The forces resisting the motion are independent of the motions direction. Now consider a paddle (which cannot be rotated) immersed in the pool. It is considerably more difficult to move this paddle through the same curved trajectory. The human must continually adjust to the changing resistance forces. Increasing the viscosity of the fluid will exacerbate the problem. This is analogous to increasing the size and/or load of a material handling system.[Franklin, 1994] Hence thus, ideally, overhead material handing devices would exhibit isotropy. That is, the feel of the device would be independent of the direction in which it was pushed. So the next objective is to advance the design of jib crane which is intelligent power assist jib and making the design calculation by Microsoft excel itself. For this design the drawing has been done for some parts and shown below. The rest of the analysis will be done in the final report. In the modified design we put some control sensor for the motion of the jib crane. References A, Lorenz., August 1999, Force Sensors for Human-Robot Interaction Erden Z., et al, 1996, â€Å"A Computer Based Design Support System for Automate Access to the F. E.M. Rules in a Crane Design Procedure†, Proceedings of the 7th International Machine Design and Production Conference, pp. 575-583, Ankara, Turkey G. Franklin, et al, 1994,Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems†, Third edition, Addison Wiley R. Juvinall and K. Marshek , 1991, Fundamentals of Machine Component Design Marchese P. J. and Rice R. F., 1974, â€Å"Trends in Equipment Design and Controls for Heavy Duty Industrial Overhead Traveling Cranes†, Iron and Steel Engineer, v. 51, n. 9, p.66 Baker J., 1971, â€Å"Cranes in Need of Change†, Engineering, v. 211,n. 3, p. 298

Nursing Mentorship Program Essay -- Nursing Practice, Nursing Profess

As Finkelman (2006) stated, â€Å"Mentoring, and important career development to that can be used by nurses any type of set or specialty, can be used to develop the critical leadership skills needed by nurses. All successful leaders have had mentors are our mentors† (Finkelman,2006, p. 390). Currently my facility has a six to months mentoring program for new graduates. This program is in addition to the current preceptor program that orients the new graduates to the unit they will be assigned. Most of these new nurses are graduates from local nursing schools and have done most of their clinical nursing education at this facility. The hospital realizes that going from a classroom and clinical setting to on hands bedside patient care can be a rude awakening. The registered nurses, selected to be mentors are the more experience, knowledgeable and will support and nurture the new grad. These Mentors are the individuals that tell the new nurse what she needs to know and will show her ways to accomplish her goals successfully and expose them to opportunities to learn new things. The nur...

Race in Social Problems :: essays research papers

Last semester when I signed up for classes, I thought Sociology 260: Social Problems in the US would be a course where a minimal amount of time would be spent on discussing social problems and a maximum amount of time would be used to discuss public policies to combat such social problems. I wanted to jump the gun. I did not see that in order to implement a public policy, which would be of use, I had to fully understand all facets of the problem. Through these various books and articles, The Condemnation of Little B by Elaine Brown, "The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens," in On the Justice of Roosting Chickens by Ward Churchill, Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law by Ward Churchill, No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Justice System by David Cole, Welcome to the Machine: Science Surveillance, and the Culture of Control by Derrick Jensen and George Draffan, "Mastering the Female Pelvis: Rac e and the Tools of Reproduction," in Public Privates: Preforming Gynecology From Both Ends of the Spectrum by Terri Kapsalis and "Race and the New Reproduction" in Killing the Black Body by Dorothy Roberts, a better understanding came to light on social issues currently seen as problematic like poverty, health care, race and discrimination, gender inequality and crime. In the book The Condemnation of Little B, Brown's central theses is the criminal justice system. Throughout the book the one argument she is constantly supporting is the idea that young black boys, in their early teens, are arrested and put through the criminal justice system in a new age version of lynch-mob justice. The alleged crimes of these young black boys recieve much media fanfare, but when they are cleared of any wrong-doing nothing is said about it in the media. She makes her arguments by using the story of Little B as a frame for her theses. By taking his story and stripping away the prosecution's rush to judgment in the investigation and trial; using the words of drug dealers awaiting sentencing and addicts, such as Little B's mother, to ramrod through a conviction in which there was no physical evidence connecting the boy to the killing. To supplement the frame she recaps high profile cases of young black children being arrested and charged for crimes despite evidence to the contrary.

Battle of the Woods: Nollywood Versus Hollywood

The Battle of the Woods: Hollywood and Nollywood Cinema of the United States has played an undeniable role in the transmission and interpretation of many values that we hold today. We perceive real life situations based on what Hollywood has taught us. Some ninety years after the first huge success of American cinema, â€Å"The Great Train robbery† was released, we were introduced to a new brand of films. The cult classic â€Å"Living in Bondage† was distributed. This low- budget film produced in Onitsha, Nigeria set the scene for what would become an explosion. So impressed were the filmmakers and actors by their work, they coined the term Nollywood- the Nigerian Hollywood. The different environments and practices have resulted in obvious differences and a few similarities between Hollywood and Nollywood. The most noticeable characteristic of motion pictures produced in North America is their potential cost. In Hollywood today, a blockbuster that grosses $70 million could be considered a flop. Most major movies have production expenses that routinely top the $100 million mark. According to the Variety box office revenue chart, the total revenue for the U. S. box office in 2006 was $9. 49 billion. Spiderman 3 cost over $ 250 million to produce, and Titanic earned a remarkable $1,848,813,795 worldwide. With these huge costs, the number of Hollywood movies produced yearly is relatively low. On the average, 603 movies are released every year. In contrast, the average Nollywood film costs between N2,040,000 and N2,760,000 ( $17,000- $23,000) to produce. Most Nollywood movies are produced in rented-out hotels, homes, offices and not complex studios. With this, filmmakers have lower start-up and maintenance costs. Usofia in London cost a modest N 2. million to produce and distribute. These relatively low costs act as an incentive for many to produce movies. According to Hala Gorani and Jeff Koinange, the Nollywood industry churns out approximately 200 videos for the home video market every month. Furthermore, differences exist in the marketing and distribution of films in the two industries. Hollywood movies employ creative and bold methods to market their movies. A good deal of promotion and advertising is targeted to getting people into theatres. Media blitzes are launched to tout the movies weeks before its release. Posters on buses, billboards, designed T-shirts, websites are used to promote Hollywood films. These films are then distributed to a diverse audience. Unless they are extremely unsuccessful, Hollywood movies are always first shown in cinemas across the world, before they are released on DVD. Nollywood films, on the other hand, do not put in a lot of money and effort on the marketing of their films. Other than the movie posters which are usually seen at the selling point of the films, not much advertising is employed. As all Nollywood films go straight to DVD and VCD discs, the industry thrives on direct-to-video marketing. As many as thirty new titles are delivered to Nigerian stores and market stalls every week. Producers rely on the fact that with this outpour of releases, their movies would most certainly be picked up among the crowd; hence, employing further marketing practices is unnecessary. Currently, the available cinemas in Nigeria do not exhibit any Nollywood movies. The costs, methods of distribution, and themes of Hollywood and Nollywood films reflect strongly their target audiences; how the target audience affects the production of a film and how the production of a movie is designed to capture a specific target audience. Hollywood movies are designed to capture a specific audience. Critics have proposed that they use beautiful actresses and hunky actors to capture that audience – the teenage population of the entire world. Hip, youthful plots drive the teenagers- the ones with the willingness and ability to spend money for entertainment purposes- to the cinemas. Even the movies with more elements of drama, and less action are still made to appeal to these teenagers. Halle Berry was able to win an Academy Award as well as completely amaze millions of boys who had just hit puberty for her racy role in Monster’s Ball. The lack of detail that is characteristic of a Nollywood film from its conception to the time it is released on video is a cause to the effect that the target audience of the movies is generally the lower class and educated Nigerians. This stagnant market would seem to be what Nigerian movie producers want, as it is much easier to please this kind of consumers than a 16 year old geek that knows the meaning of CGI. Famous Nigerian filmmaker Chico Ejiro boasts that he can make a movie in three days. All he has to do is make a movie with the same plot as thousands before it albeit with different actors, put a title on it, and distribute it. Nigerians will always buy it. His target audience therefore does not influence his movies because they are always there; they will always buy and this gives him no incentive for creativity. However, with all the differences between the two industries, similarities do exist. Just like Hollywood, the primary purpose of Nollywood films is to entertain viewers. In their quest to entertain, the two industries may employ different procedures, but Hollywood and Nollywood filmmakers both share the burning desire to refresh the minds of audiences. The two industries can both be credited for producing many untouchable stars from mere mortals. Marilyn Monroe will be worshipped till the end of time, and Richard Mofe Damijo would forever be the ultimate sex icon in the minds of all Nigerian women above 18. King Joe Okechukwu would always be the pastor who speaks in tongues, and John Wayne is our idol in a cowboy hat that we will tell our children about.

Hr Practice in Ready Made Garments Industry

Term Paper: HR Practice In Ready Made Garments Industry (Panorama Apparels Ltd. & Millennium Garments Ltd. ) TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 5 Introduction 6 Methodology6 Scope & Limitation 8 Formal Report (Company A) 9 About The Company9 Size & Activities of HR Department 9 Their Overall HR Practice11 Recruitment 11 Selection 14 Training & Development 15 Compensation Policies & Practices17 Performance Appraisal21 Formal Report (Company B)22 About The Company22 Their Overall HR Practice22 Size & Activities of HR Department 23 Recruitment 24 Selection 24 Training & Development 24Compensation Policies & Practices25 Performance Appraisal26 Findings27 Recommendation 29 Conclusion 29 Appendix 30 Executive Summary: In this term paper we tried to focus of the HR practice of RMG sector in Bangladesh. We conducted survey in two garments (Panorama Apparels Ltd. & Millennium Garments Ltd. )& we tried to find out their overall practice. In this study report, we have tried to include all the factors we thought essential for previously mentioned title. We have analyzed the factors based on managerial theories & managerial key functions with the proposed options. e also tried to find out there is any problem with our little HR knowledge we learned from this course. Introduction to the Report: This report is prepared as a requirement of the course â€Å"Human Resource Management We selected MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD & PANORAMA APPARELS LTD. working on these organizations we came to know various Kind of HRM practice which are use here. In this report we have followed the guidelines provided by the teacher. Here we have tasked not only the HRM practice but also the marketing, management, finance and operational area of the Company.The broad objective of this report is to provide an overview of HRM practice in Garments Sector of Bangladesh. The specific objectives of this report are: †¢Ã‚  To provide Company overview †¢Ã‚  To provide market overview and analysis â₠¬ ¢Ã‚  To reveal operational, management and HRM planning. †¢Ã‚  Discuss all HRM practice Methodology: We conducted a sample survey with a questionnaire (see appendix) . We provided our copies of questionnaire among the random samples employees & workers & collected after they had filled it up with their comments.To prepare this report we have collected data from different published materials. Then we have conducted a secondary study. After that we have prepared a questionnaire and took interview one of the executive serving in this Company. We also collect data from internet. This way we collected primary data. Thus we have used both primary and secondary report to prepare this report. With our survey & interview results we found some key points that are discussed in the next section. Scope & limitation: Actually we have collected information by primary and secondary data.During collecting information we have faced some problems. When we went at garments, we had to wait many t imes for collecting information. And we search internet, internet speed is very low. Another point is that lab computer does not work properly. We have analyzed the factors based on managerial theories & managerial key functions with the proposed options & the events though few things might be omitted due to our limited knowledge & access of information. We are always prepared to provide any kind of information or documents to you on your demand.Formal Report Company A (MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. ) a) About the company Millennium Garments Limited was established with a vision to build a premium garments house to rival the finest in South East Asia. The Company was established in September of 1998 by purchasing and taking over an existing garments company which had been running since 1992. Millennium Garments Limited specializes in the manufacture of high quality men's shirts. The company’s brand new machinery include highly specialized equipment needed in the productive' of hig h quality shirts.Millennium Garments also takes orders for padded quilted shirts ladies' dress, pajama sets and robes. The company currently exports its garments to its customers in Canada, Germany, Belgium and Netherlands. Factory Product is 100% export orientated ready-made garments from woven fabrics, Production  Capacity 150,000 pieces/month. 1223 employees are working in this organization the company is located in Delwar Complex (5th to 9th Floor) 26, Shahid Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1203, Bangladesh. b) Size & activities of HR Department Human resource planning MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. as a personal and administrative Department. MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. is one of the biggest employers in Bangladesh. The total number of employers in Bangladesh. The total number of employees is 1,223. For the employees there is systematic in house training in home and abroad. To motivate the employees, along with salary and benefits the company provides various facilities like free meals , f ree transportation , 24 hour medical center , on site sports . A production and accommodation facility includes full time supply of safe drinking water, adequate lighting and ventilation facilities from sheet.The entire management process comprises the following units: Executive Management: The Managing Director, the CEO is the head of the Executive Management Team which comprises senior members of the Management Apparatus. Within the limits of delegated authority and responsibility by the Board of Directors, Executive Management operates through further delegation of authority at every echelon of the line management. The executive Management operates within the framework of Policy & Planning strategies set by the Top Management with periodic performance reporting for guidance.The Executive Management is responsible for preparation of segment plans / sub – segment plans for every profit centers with budgetary targets for every items of goods & services and are held accountabl e for deficiencies, with appreciation for outstanding and exceptional performances. These operations are continuously carried out by the Executive Management through series of Committees, sub – Committees, Committees & standing Committees assisting the line management. Standing Committee: Standing Committee comprises the following committee: Audit Committee: †¢Ã‚  Internal Audit Committee   ISO Audit Committee †¢Ã‚  Social / Environment Committee †¢Ã‚  Performance Evaluation Audit Committee Employment Relations Committee: †¢Ã‚  Remuneration Committee †¢Ã‚  Work Environment Committee †¢Ã‚  Performance Evaluation Audit Committee Management Committee: †¢Ã‚  Product Planning & Development Committee †¢Ã‚  Quality Control & Research Committee †¢Ã‚  Production & Inventory Management Committee †¢Ã‚  Export Promotion Committee c) Their Overall HR Practice: HR Practices of MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. Recruitment Training Performance Mana gement Labor relation Employee relation Job analysis Job designSelection Development Incentives Benefits d) Recruitment Recruitment is the process trough which the organization seeks applicants for potential employment. Selection refers to the process by which it attempts to identify applicants with the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics that will help the company achieve its goals, companies engaging in different strategies need different types and numbers of employees. The strategy a company is pursuing will have a direct impact on the types of employees that it seeks to recruit and selection.Source of recruitment There are two kinds of source Millennium Garments Ltd. uses for recruitment . They are 1. External source 2. Internal source. We try to discuss all relative sources which are used for recruitment in Millennium Garments Ltd. Internal source Millennium Garments Ltd. thinks that current employees are a major source of recruits for all but entry -level positions. Whether for promotions or for ‘Lateral’ job transfers, internal candidates already know the informal organization and have detailed information about its formal policies and procedures.Promotions and transfer are typically decided by operating managers with little involvement by HR department. Job-posting programs HR departments become involved when internal job openings are publicized to employees through job positioning programs, which informs employees about opening and required qualifications and invite qualify employees to apply. The notices usually are posted on company bulletin boards or are placed in the company newspaper. Qualification and other facts typically are drawn from the job analysis information. Departing Employees An often overlooked source of recruiters consists of departing employees.Many employees leave because they can no longer work the traditional 40 hours work week . School, child care needs and other commitments are the comm on reason. Some might gladly stay if they could rearrange their hours of work or their responsibilities . Instead, they quit when a transfer to a part-time job may retain their valuable skill and training. Even if part-time work is not a solution, a temporary leave of absence may satisfy the employee and some future recruiting need of the employer. External source When job opening cannot be filled internally, the HR department of MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. ust look outside the organization for applicants. We discuss all the external source of recruitment at bellow: Walk-ins and Write-ins: Walk-ins are some seekers who arrived at the HR department of MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. in   search of a job; Write-ins are those who send a written enquire . both groups normally are ask to complete and application blank to determine their interest and abilities. Usable application is kept in an active file until a suitable opening occurs or until an application is too old to be considered valid, u sually six months.Employee referrals: Employees may refer job seekers to the HR department . Employee referrals have several advantages . Employees with hard –to –find job skill may no others who do the same work. Employee’s referrals are excellent and legal recruitment technique, but they tend to maintain the status quo of the work force in term of raise, religions, sex and other characteristics, possibly leading to charges of discrimination. Advertising Want ads describe the job and the benefits, identify the employer, and tell those who are interested how to apply .They are most familiar form of employment advertising . for highly specialist requites, ads may be placed in professional journal or out of town newspaper in areas with high concentration of the desired skills. Example: General Manager- production (ref: PM) -Age: 28-35 years; Graduate with specialization in garment mfg technology from NIFT or equiv. -Minimum 10 years experience in similar position of a unit with a minimum of 1000machines. -Must have detailed hands on knowledge of industrial engineering. We offer competitive salary which is commensurate with experience and qualification.If you aspire to an exiting and rewarding career, send your detailed resume, quoting your present and expected salaries to jobs. Internet Now today no body thinks anything without internet. So MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. give their advertisement at internet. Example:www. bdjobs. com , www. millennia-bd. com e) Selection: The HR department informed us that their tests of selection are valid by for their own garments. They usually test cognitive abilities for higher officials & test of motor abilities for workers . They also work simulations. After successful reference checks the HR Department selects employees. ) Training & Development Training is a process of learning a sequence of programmed behavior. It is application of knowledge. It gives people an awareness of the rules procedures to guide th eir behavior. It attempts to improve their performance on the current job or prepare them for an intended job. Development is a related process. It covers not only those activities which improve job performance but also those which bring growth of the personality; help individuals to the progress towards maturity and actualization of their potential capacities so that they become not only good employees but better men and women.In organizational terms, it is intended to equip person to earn promotion and hold grater responsibility. There are many types of method practices in MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. we discuss that method at bellow: On the job training On the job training is a training that shows the employee how to perform the job and allows him or her to do it under the trainer’s supervision On the job training is normally given by a senior employee or a manager like senior merchandiser or a manager. The employee is shown how to perform the job and allowed to do it under th e trainer’s supervision. Job rotationJob rotation is a training that requires an individual to learn several different some in a work unit or department and performer each job for a specified time period. In job rotation, individuals learn several different job within a work unit or department. One main advantages of job rotation is that it makes flexibilities possible in the department. When one employee like junior merchandiser absence another merchandiser can easily perform the job. Apprenticeship training Apprentices hip training provides beginning worker with comprehensive training in the practical and theoretical expect of work required in a highly skilled occupation.Apprenticeship program combined of the job and classroom training to prepare worker for more than eight hundred occupation such as computer operator, sewing technician. Length of selected apprenticeship courses of MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. Occupation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   length (months) 1. Quality control manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 2. Quality control officer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 3. Cutting Astt. Manager   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     7 4. Packing Astt. Manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 5. Ware house Astt. Manager  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 6. Production officer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     3 7.Sewing technician   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 8. Sewing Supervisor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 Classroom training Classroom training is conducted off the job and probably the most familiar training method . It is an effective means of imparting information quickly to large groups with limited or no knowledge of subject being presented. It is useful for teaching factual material, concepts principle other theories . portion of orientation programs, some expects of apprenticeship training and safety programs are usually presented utilizing some form of classroom instruction.More frequently however, classroom instruction is used for technical, professional and managerial employee Development of the human resources The long term development of human resources as distinct from training for a specific job is of growing concern to HR departments of MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. Through the development of current employees the department reduces the company’s dependents on haring new workers . if employees are developed properly the job openings fou nd throw HR planning are more likely to be filled internally promotions and transfers also show employees that they have a career not just a job.The employee benefits from increased continuity in operations and from employees who fail a greater commitment. HR department is also an effective way to meets several challenges including employee obsolescence, international and domestic diversity, technical challenges. Affirmative action and employee turn over. By meeting these challenges the department can, maintain an effective workforce. g) Compensation policies & practices : Incentives Compensation fluctuates according to –  A pre-established formula –  Individual or group goals because group goals are different from individual goals –  Company earningsIncentives adds to base pay It controls costs because the employee is being paid for his/her extra effort and for the benefits brought to the organization. & Motivates employees Incentive Pay Categories Indivi dual ,   Group,   Company-wide Individual incentive plans –  Quantity of work output (How many units produced) –  Quality of work output (What was the quality of the product or service being produced or served) –  Monthly sales (How much sales was generated) –  Work safety record (How many hazard or errors are being reduced. –  Work  attendance (If the absent is reduced or attendance is good) Group Incentive Plans   Rewards employees for their collective performance †¢Ã‚  Group incentive use has increased in industry †¢Ã‚  2 types –  Ã‚   Team – based  or small group –  Ã‚   Gain sharing Company-Wide Incentive Plans †¢Ã‚  Rewards employees when company meets performance standards †¢Ã‚  2  Types –  Ã‚   Profit sharing plans –  Ã‚   Employee stock option plans Legally required benefits of MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. †¢Ã‚  Social Security –  Social security benefits include the general benefits like unemployment insurance & benefits, old age insurance, and Medicare facilities. †¢Ã‚  Workers’ Compensation   Worker’s compensation includes the compensation when an employee becomes injured or disable due to extreme working conditions or while working at the job site. †¢Ã‚  Family & Medical Leave –  Family leave includes the compensation continuation during the family leave such as maternity or paternity leave and other family leave. †¢Ã‚  Old age, Survivor, Disability Insurance requirements for getting compensation: –  Earn 40 quarters of credit, or –  Be employed for 10 years –  Be age 62 for partial benefits –  Be age 65 for full benefits –  Now the age has been extended to age 67 because more and more workers are retiring late.   Widow aged 60 + Medicare Depends on the country’s policy, Medicare facilities are generally government services to citizens. Organizations add some value to Medicare facilities. In some countries Medicare is financed together by employees’ tax, employers and the government. Provided insurance coverage for –  Hospitalization – Covers inpatient & outpatient hospital care & services. –  Major Doctor bills – Charges of visiting a doctor or specialist. –  Prescription drug costs. –  Provides unlimited in-home care in certain situations. Workers’ Compensation   Workers’ compensation is a legally required benefit is included in the compulsory disability laws of many countries. Mostly, employer is seen liable regardless of the fault. †¢Ã‚  Workers’ compensation claims –  Injury –  Occupational disease –  Death †¢Ã‚  Workers’ compensation benefits –  Medical services –  Disability income –  Death benefits Discretionary Benefits †¢Ã‚  Discretionary ben efits are judgment based benefits that the organization provides to its employees. These benefits are not legally required benefits but enhances organizational culture and corporate image. †¢Ã‚  Benefits include: –  Protection programs   Pay for time not worked –  Other services Pay for time not worked †¢Ã‚  Holidays†¢Ã‚  Vacations†¢Ã‚  Funeral leave †¢Ã‚  Marriage leave†¢Ã‚  Sick leave†¢Ã‚  Stress leave †¢Ã‚  Blood donation or welfare work†¢Ã‚  Personal leave h) Performance Management Performance appraisal is the process of assessing employee’s past performance, primarily for reward, promotion and staff development purposes. Performance appraisal (is) a process that identifies, evaluates and develops employee performance to meet employee and organizational goals. Performance Appraisal doesn’t necessarily use to blame or to provide a disciplinary action.Previous management theories used to view performanc e appraisal as a stick that management has introduced to beat people. Performance appraisals are now more clarified and they concentrate on developing organizational strengths and employee performance. Purpose of Performance Appraisal in MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. To review past performance To assess training needs To help develop individuals To audit the skills within an organization To set targets for future performance To identify potential for promotion To provide legal & formal justification for employment decision To diagnose the hidden problems of an organizationPerformance Appraisal Process Who Appraises †¢Ã‚  Supervisors †¢Ã‚  Subordinates †¢Ã‚  Peers†¢Ã‚  Clients/customers †¢Ã‚  Self appraisal Approaches to measuring performance in MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. There are various kind of method for measuring performance appraisal. But we get information that MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. uses only three type of performance method. These are at below: 1. 360- de gree feedback 2. Experience based. We describe those at below: 1. 360-degree feedback One currently popular methods of performance appraisal is called 360-degree feedback.With this method managers peers, suppliers or colleagues are ask to complete questionnaire. The questionnaire is generally lengthy. 2. Experience based MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. measures the performance of employee by experience. For example MR. X has been working in MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. for three years and MR. Y has been working in MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. for two years. So MILLENNIUM GARMENTS LTD. favor MR. X for his more experience. Company B (Panorama Apparels Limited) a) About the company Panorama Apparels Limited was established to build up a profit and export.The Company was established in 1991 by purchasing and taking over an existing garments company. Panorama Garments Limited specializes in the manufacture of high quality men's shirts. The company’s brand new machinery includes highly specialize d equipment needed in the production of high quality shirts. The company currently exports its garments to its customers in USA and Europe. The garments Product are export orientated as well as local market base ready-made garments from woven fabrics, Production  Capacity 280000 pieces/month. 550 employees are working in this organization he company is located in Gazipur. ) Their Overall HR Practice Their overall HR practice started in 1995, before that they didn’t have any separate HR department. HR manager control the garments to do better in future. HR manager takes final decision regarding employee recruiting, screening, training, rewarding and appraising. On the basis of our report we can say that their hr practice is very much effective. Recruitment & Selection: The HR department uses their own tests for recruitment & Selection. Training: they have training centre for the new employees. If any employees join in this company they need some basic training.Performance Ma nagement: when any employees perform well then they get some rewards from company. It is manage by HR manager. Employee relation: in this company’s employees and superior have good relationship with each other. Employees also respect their superior. Employees have also good relationship with their same level. Job analysis: the HR manager doing job analysis by employees performance and he also gives some duties to employees. Job design: The HR manager also design job structure which is most appropriate for the company to achieve the company’s goal. Incentives: they provide some incentives for employees. ) Size & activities of HR Department Management: The entire management process comprises the following units: Executive Management: The executive management is special employment agencies retained by employers to seek out top management talent for their clients. Within the limits of delegated authority and responsibility by the Board of Directors, Executive Management op erates through further delegation of authority at every echelon of the line management. The executive Management operates within the framework of Policy & Planning strategies set by the Top Management with periodic performance reporting for guidance.Management Committee: In this garments management committee is very much conscious about Product Planning, quality control, production inventory and export promotion. The garments try to improve their product quality and innovate new products and services what they did before now they are improving very much day by day. Management committee plays very helpful role to reach theirgoal. [pic][pic][pic]Panorama Apparels ltd. Human resource management Human resource management Mr. Abdul Ohab is the human resource manager of this garment.The policies and practices involved in carrying out the people or human resource aspect of a management position, including recruiting, screening, training, rewarding and appraising Human resource planning Pan orama Appeals Ltd. has a personnel management and administrative Department. The total number of employees is 550. For the employees there is systematic in house training in home and abroad. To motivate the employees company provides various facilities like free meals, free transportation, picnic, yearly entertainment facilities, on site sports . nd also salary pay within 5th – 8th day of each month. d) Recruitment: They recruit employees by taking interview. They follow some sources to recruit employees which are – i) Internal source ii) External source e) Selection: the board of directors selects the employees by taking interview. The board of director collects the information from the HR manager. f) Training & Development The company arranges some training and development programs in every year. It is application of knowledge. It gives people an awareness of the rules procedures to guide their behavior.It attempts to improve their performance on the current job or p repare them for an intended job. Development is a related process. It covers not only those activities which improve job performance but also those which bring growth of the personality; help individuals to the progress towards maturity and actualization of their potential capacities so that they become not only good employees but better men and women. Method of training and development program: a) On the job training b) Job rotation c) Apprenticeship training d) Classroom training g) Compensation policies & practicesEmployee benefits & services were formerly known as fringe benefits and these benefits were primarily the in-kind payments employees receive in addition to payments in the form of money. In addition to paying employees fairly and adequately for their contributions in the performance of their jobs, organizations assume a social obligation for the welfare of employees and their dependents Employees benefits are usually inherent components of the non-compensation system ar e made available to employees that provide: –  Protection in case of health & accident   Income upon retirement & termination These benefits are components that contribute to the welfare of the employee by filling some kind of demand. Incentives Incentives is very much helpful for motivating employees. Incentives add to base pay. It controls costs because the employee is being paid for his/her extra effort and for the benefits brought to the organization. Incentive Pay Categories -Individual -Group -Company-wide h) Performance Appraisal: Performance Appraisal means evaluating an employee’s current and/or past performance relative to his or her performance standards.Performance appraisals are now more clarified and they concentrate on developing organizational strengths and employee performance. Purpose of Performance Appraisal in Panorama apparels LTD To set targets for future performance To identify potential for promotion To provide legal & formal justification f or employment decision To diagnose the hidden problems of an organization Performance Appraisal Process: They conduct the performance appraisal interview twice a year. Who Appraises †¢Ã‚  Supervisors †¢Ã‚  Subordinates †¢Ã‚  Peers†¢Ã‚  Clients/customers Approaches to measuring performance in Panorama apparels LTD.There are various kind of method for measuring performance appraisal. But we get information that Panorama apparels LTD. uses only two type of performance method. These are at below: 1. 360- degree feedback 2. Experience based. Findings: We conducted simple random sampling both in Millennium Garments & Panorama Apparels. We also used direct observation method to collect the data. After that we used statistical analysis. We found that 80% employees of Millennium are satisfied, 10 % not satisfied & 5 % refused to say any comment [pic] Fig1. 1 Satisfaction Level of Millennium Garments WorkersAnd in case of Panorama Apparels we found that 70% of the employee s are very satisfied with the current compensation policy& other facilities, 10% said that they are not satisfied & 20% said refused to make any comment. [pic] Fig1. 2 Satisfaction Level of Millennium Garments Workers [pic] Fig1. 3. Turnover rate of Millennium & Panorama With the last five years data we founf that turnover rate is higher in Panorama Apparel that of Millennium Garmnts. Panorama Apparels use 75% of internal source (e. g. employee referrals) & 25 % from External source (e. g. Advertising, Internet etc. ) for job recruitment. pic] Fig1. 4 Recruitment source of Panorama Apparels Ltd. On the Other hand Millennium Garments use 40% of internal source & 60% from External source for job recruitment. [pic] Fig1. 5 Recruitment source of Millennium garments Ltd. Recommendation: From the analysis with the organization structure of Millennium Garments Ltd. we have seen that span of super vision is too large. A number of departments report directly to the general manager. If the nu mber were less the efficiency and productivity of the organization might be increased. Quality control department should remain prompt always.So that it can maintain a certain level of standard as per the market demand to capture the foreign market share it should strive more. Turn Over rate in very high in Panorama 25%, also employees talked openly about their dissatisfaction which indicates that they have to redesign about incentive policies. Conclusion: Bangladesh is a hotbed of garments manufacturing, now ranking  fourth in the list of garments exporting nations. Unfortunately, the country, as a whole, has been unable to break into the arena of high fashion as most of its exports cater to the lower end of the clothing hierarchy.The flourishment of any industry requires combined efforts and co-operation from several parties. Social, political and macro economic environment play pivotal role in this regard. Through successful HR management practice in this respective sector, man y labor issue problems can be solvedIf it can up hold it’s much toward advancement, it will be able to set a role model in our country. Appendix: Reference 1. Innovative human resource management practice makes ASA global microfinance leader http://www. theindependent-bd. com/hotnews. php? nid=5170 2. http://www. traveldocs. com/bd/economy. htm . Apparels Bulletin, link- http://www. apparel. com. bd/2008/09/pay-salary-arrears-and-eid-bonus-timely/ 4. Afsar, R. , 1998. Poverty, Work, Health and Sexual Behaviour of Women and Men in Garment Factories in Dhaka, Bangladesh, ACTIONAID, Bangladesh. 5. Ahmad, I. , 1996. Basic Labour Laws of Bangladesh, 2nd edition, Ferdous lqbal, Dhaka. 6. Arifin,J. (ed. ), 1994. Readings on Women and Development in Malaysia, Population Studies Unit, Kuala Lumpur. 7. BGMEA, 1998a. ‘BGMEA meets garment sector trade union leaders regularly',BGMEA Newsletter, 9(1):9. 8. Bhattacharya, D. and Rahrnan, M. , 2000.Bangladesh Apparel Sector: growth tren ds and the post-MFA challenges, Paper presented at the National Seminar on Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Economic and Social Dimensions, Dhaka, 21-22 January. 9. Nuruzzaman, A. K. A. M. , 1999. Human Rights and Garments Industry, Programme for Research on Poverty Alleviation, Grameen Trust, Dhaka. 10. Paul-Majumder, P. , 1998. Health Status of the Garment Workers in Bangladesh: findings from a survey of employers and employees, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Dhaka. Questionnaire: Name:Employee Status: Designation:Working Hours: 1. How long you are working in this company?More than 5years More than 2 years 2. How much time you spend here i. e. working hours? 6 Hrs 8 Hrs other 3. Are you satisfies with current facilities & incentives? Yes No No Comment 4. Does your company conduct fire drill every year? Yes No 5. Is your employment on permanent basis or contractual basis? Permanent Contractual 6. Did you face any kind of problem that you couldn’t tell to the man agement? Yes No If yes write down mention the problem below: