Is it true that Immigration Raises the U.S. Unemployment Rate Essay - 2200 Words

Is it true that Immigration Raises the U.S. Unemployment Rate? (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name of studentName of professorCourseDate of submissionIs it True that Immigration Raises the U.S. Unemployment Rate?INTRODUCTIONImmigration can be defined as the movement of people from one jurisdiction to another due to socio-econo-political reasons. Initially, immigration was used by developed countries to boost their man-power and its labor market by trying to lure the best brains from different parts of the world. In the last decade US has been grappling with the issue of excessive intake of illegal immigrants who continue to take advantage of its porous borders to find their way into the country. Thousands of these illegal immigrants lack legal status but they still continue to reside in the country. Primarily these immigration policies were mainly found in countries that were considered to be developed as per the standards of those days, including the United States of America. The USA which is regarded as a melting pot of all races in the world has its forbear ers as immigrants who fled from the intra-religious war between the two factions of the Protestants and the Catholics. For fear of persecution, the individuals scampered for safety from Europe and settled in the Americas; a land whose original inhabitants were the Red Indians.On the face of it, it is quite clear or one should be alive to the fact that the founding fathers of the USA were immigrants. This particular premise forms an important basis in understanding the immigration issues in the USA. How does a country raise issues in regards to immigration whereas the founding fathers were beneficiaries of the same immigration? The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"American dreamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ has attracted all and sundry, it has become an incubation point of great ideas and even the most serious critique of the Americans craves to move there due to numerous opportunities available. It is crystal clear when there is an influx in the number of immigrants in any jurisdiction the public would start becoming skeptical as to whether the opportunities available would be enough for them and the immigrants. Naturally, the big questions creep in; would the national cake be enough for both the citizens and the immigrants? Who continue to trickle in day in and day out?OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEMThe greater issue affecting the American public is the fourth generation of immigrants who include the Asians, Latin-Americans and the Caribbean immigrants. Immigrants in this context is construed to mean those individuals who are not citizens of the U.S.A by birth canvassing illegal immigrants, foreign students, temporary workers and individuals who are lawful residents. Generally, the current number of unemployed Americans stands at 1.9 million; to expound on the facts, among the category of whites, Hispanics and Blacks unemployment percentage stood at 5.1, 6.9 and 11.0 per cent respectively (Labor, United states Department). The usual scape goat for this problem would be the immigration factor. Domestic workers tend to believe that any job given to a foreign worker would mean a denied opportunity to a domestic worker. The government data shows that in the last decade approximately 16 million immigrants have settled in the US and 5.4 million have also arrived since 2008 (Immigration policy Center).Unemployment rates are high due to economic and political reasons, while native-born Americans prefer to blame immigrants for losing their jobs. Michael Synder believes that the reason why the unemployment rate is high in the US is because of the following reasons; there are minimal job openings in the market a fall from 4.5 million to 3 million latest openings; the government redundancy plan where different federal agencies are laying off workers in a bid to implement austerity measures; the existence of cheap labor force in China has prompted the transfer of numerous jobs from the USA to the communist country; the burden of heavy taxation has forced many businesses to relocate to othe r parts of the world in a bid to escape taxation thus lowering the number of available jobs; the USA economy suffers from what is called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"peter pan syndromeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ its economy has failed to record substantial growth only 36000 jobs were created in the month of January way below of what is expected to kick start a substantial growth where 150,000 jobs are required to fill the deficit (Centre, Immigration Policy).CONTROVERSIESIt should be noted that every year the US opens up application for visas in category H-1B. Specifically there are only 65,000 potential visas available for those who are considered to be freshly hired and the 20,000 extra visas are set aside for students who are considered newly graduates from various USA universities and are intending to remain and work in the country (Immigration policy Center). Proponents contend that the absorption of these immigrants through the H-1B programs robs the nativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ jobs. The available data fro m the government indicates that the aggregate gain in employment in the last decade has been taken away by the immigrants. Between the year 2003 and 2013 employment among the natives drastically fell to 1.3 million this was due to the fact that the demography of those immigrants working sharply rose to 5.3 million (Zavodny). For example Centre for Immigration study released a controversial backgrounder which purported that employment opportunities in Tennessee since the year 2000 had been taken by the immigrants residing in Tennessee yet the American born constituted two third of the Tennessee population. This means that the jobs given to immigrants there could have been taken by the natives if the immigrants were not there. The fundamental principle espoused by this notion is that in the ordinary sense there is a fixed number of available jobs in the market which the natives and immigrants have to compete to get one (Ewing).Section 744 of the Schumer-Rubio bill advances the notion that the country experiences inadequate number of workers thus making necessary the intake of immigrants. However, the available data from the government points otherwise; sixteen million new immigrants have arrived in the US for the last thirteen years. Analysts conclude that there is a correlation between immigration and unemployment rate among the US born citizens. The household survey conducted by the government produced some shocking findings.First, the survey indicated that between the year 2000 and 2013 the native workers were substantially responsible for the two-thirds of the aggregate growth in the working age category, but they considerable lost in the net growth which had gone to immigrants (Centre, Immigration Policy). Secondly, the number of natives working from the year 2000 to 2013 rose to 16.4 million, though the population of US born citizens employed was 1.3 million much lower in 2013 compared to the year 2000. Thirdly, in the year 2000 to 2007 when the economy w as experiencing some growth prior to the recession period 60 percent of the jobs created were taken by immigrants within the working-age bracket; even though they constituted a mere 38 percent of the working population. The above findings from the housing survey indicate that immigration has serious implication on the availability of jobs among the native workers.In a study that was conducted by the Brookings College in the year 2013, it was established that American-born citizens were being paid low in a similar occupation compared to H-1B foreign workers. In essence the US natives who are degree holders are paid around $ 67,301 compared to H-1B foreign workers who take home around $ 81,322 particularly in STEM fields. The above findings go on to point out that the annual H-1B visas granted annually to those foreign students undertaking at least a bachelorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s degree or masters have an impact in regards to the wages offered to American-born workers. In the same vein, the Br ookingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s study also compared wages being offered to US born citizens who shared similar job and age bracket with H-1B immigrants. They found that seventeen out of twenty, age and job groups, the salaries for native-born workers were tremendously lower compared to the H-1B immigrant workers.Immigration tends to pose greater difficulties among the African-American men who are partly educated in seeking gainful employment; in the same vein it raises the chances of them being detained. This point of view is shared by Barranco and Shihadah who are of the view that the influx of Latino migrants causes violence among the African-American by perpetuating high unemployment rate. In a hypothetical scenario we may have three individuals X, Y and Z. X being a White employer and Y an African-American potential worker whereas Z is an immigrant of Somali origin. Both Y and Z are looking for a job which X has offered but Y refuses to accept the offer on the basis that salary being given i s meager he therefore turns down the deal. However, Z gracefully accepts the offer regardless of how little the pay is. This in turn leaves Y jobless since he cannot get a better bargain from X as a result of Zà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s intrusion.There is an argument that tends to postulate that immigrants are always ready to do jobs which ordinarily natives Americans would shun away from doing. However, this argument holds no water and is fallacious on the face of it. Data obtained from the US Department of Commerce shows that 472 categories of civilian jobs listed only six out of the 472 are primarily occupied by the immigrants. The above stated six occupations comprises of only 1 percent of the US aggregate labor force. Ideally, the jobs normally considered to be done by the foreign nationals in the real sense are primarily done by the American natives. To illustrate this point, it is crystal clear that in the category of housekeepers and maids 51 percent of them are American-born...

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Free Weights vs Machines Essay - 660 Words

Free weights and machines both have their pros and cons, the key is to figure out which one is right for you. I will explain some of the pros and cons for both types of equipment. I hope you make a wise decision, because not knowing the difference can cause serious injuries and setbacks in your training. Free weights and machines both have their pros and cons, the key is to figure out which one is right for you. When you enter most gyms today, the first things you usually see are weight stations set up to work each muscle in your body. All you have to do is sit down, and let the machine guide your body through series of particular movements. While the machine provides all the resistance, the only thing you need to do is push or pull.†¦show more content†¦Free weights are good for established workouts and rely more on stabilizer muscles for support. Machines can be good for people rehabilitating from injuries, where as free weights will be able to build the muscle only after the muscle rehabilitates. When working out with machines you can lift heaver weight without a spotter while free weights it is required that, you have a spotter when lifting heavy weights. Most machines are not versatile they offer one exercise for one part of the body, which means having to use multiple machines for a total body workout. While free weights have a lot of versatility because you can work different muscle groups without using multiple machines. The majority of women like to use machines, because of the access and solitude it offers. Whereas men like to use free weights because it gives them a big ego boost, not to mention they like to show off their masculinity. Free weights and machines both have their pros and cons, the key is to figure out which one is right for you. If you are going through rehabilitation stick with machines, they offer more support. If you are a beginner stay with machines until you get stronger and have more experience. If you are an intermediate or advance lifter, free weights will be more suitable for you because it will offer you more versatility in your workouts and you can incorporate more muscle groups at the same time. I hope that these pros and cons were able to help you inShow MoreRelated Free Weights vs. Machines Weights Essay examples1382 Words   |  6 PagesFree Weights vs. Machines Weights People have enjoyed working out for a long time. The going to the gym and working out trend is gaining popularity every year. Right now working out is the rage. Health clubs are getting built and remolded. There is still one question that the average working out Joe wants an answer for. Which is better? Free weights or machine weights? Does it really matter? 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Weight/BCS: 44lbs [20kg], BCS: 3/5 Temperature: 102.1F -Rectal Skin/coat: Slight skin tint. Eyes/fundic exam: Normal Ears/otoscopic exam: Normal Oral cavity: MM-Pale pink and dry, CRT ~2 seconds Musculoskeletal: Normal Cardiovascular: 120bmp, auscultation

Alexander The Great Of Great Rules At Past Or The Present

In the ages of great rules at past or the present, one that showed very drastic significant growth in very short period of time was and is the Alexander the Great. In the past there have been some people who saw him as kindhearted and reasonable but some saw him as hunger for lands and pride. Before going into see what the artifacts portraying him to us, let’s get to know bit about Alexander the Great. Why he did the things that he did and where did he come from and who is he descendent of. Let start by looking at his early age before becoming the king or the leader as different people would consider him as. Alexander the Great was born on July 20th 356 B.C in the city called Pella, a region which is part of Macedonia. His parents were the King Philip the second of Macedonia and Queen Olympia. Alexander’s dad spent most of his time engaged in military expanding his land towards Athens and Sparta. King Philip the second hired the Greek philosopher Aristotle to teach Alexander in private, he learned poetry, drama, science and politics. From his education and inspirational stories by Aristotle, Alexander dreamed to become a heroic warrior. After completing his education, while still being teen, he became a solider and boarded on his first army attack against the Thracian tribes and he helped his father in the dream of bringing all Greek cities together and they did united all Greece together except Sparta. In 336 B.C, during Alexander’s sister wedding festival, king PhilipShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Alexander Plutarch1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn Life of Alexander, Plutarch employs extensive methods to depict Alexander as a man of both great ambition and self-control, despite Alexander’s degeneration of character by the end of his life. 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Film Prayers for Bobby - 707 Words

Film: Prayers for Bobby Mary Griffith was devout Christian and mother, raising her children in the conservative teaching of her Church in the 1980’s in a small California town. Mary son â€Å"Bobby† confides to his older brother that there was something wrong with him and he thinks he is gay, many changes happen after that with the Griffith family. Bobby family accepted that he was gay, except for his mother who believed that being a homosexual is a sin and that God could cure him. Mary tried to change Bobby by taking him to a psychiatrist, religious studies, placing bible quotes around the house, spending more time with his dad and sets him up on a date. Bobby tries everything his mother offer, it just caused more withdraw and he goes into†¦show more content†¦It was usually kept hidden most of the time. If people did know you were gay, it was rarely if ever talked about. Also a lot of gay and lesbians waited to come out or just refused to accept that they were gay. Bobby took a ris k with coming out to his family, considering they were a conservative church family. It was very surprising that his dad accepted that he was gay and his mother was not accepting. In that time it was more of embarrassment for a father to have a gay son, almost like he didn’t’ raise his son right. With Bobby’s mother Mary I felt as if she was very religious and ignorant. Mary didn’t want to accept, because she just saw her own religious side of being gay and most likely no one talked about it openly either. I believe that Mary would have spent time with Bobby and learn more about homosexuality Bobby would not have commit suicide, even if she didn’t accept. Bobby Diaries was his only outlet where he could express his emotions. It took Mary to read the diary to see what her son was going through that he was fighting within side of himself to make his mom and God happy. I like the fact that the Reverend helped Mary to understand a better way of thinki ng and to help her have less of an ignorant outlook and when Mary started to understand that she needed to change. Mary also realized that bobby was born different at birth, that he didn’t just choose to be gay. I was glad that she becameShow MoreRelatedThe Film Prayer For Bobby1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe film Prayer for Bobby is based on a true story about a young man named Bobby. Bobby grew up in a very strict religious family that obeyed the bible word by word. On the outside Bobby seemed to be a perfect child, but he struggled with his own inner demons. Bobby knew that he was a homosexual, but he did not know how to tell his family because he knew that he would never be accepted by them because of their religion. After his family found out about his sexuality his family, especially his motherRead MoreThe Sociology Imagination : An Awareness Between Personal Experience1566 Words   |  7 Pages7-8). 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They seemed pretty cool, and Bobby was excited to have met some new guys who seemed to like him already. Bobby has heard all the typical fraternity stereotypes: heavy partiers, skirt chasers, users, etcRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesemotions have a trait component: most people have built-in tendencies to experience certain moods and emotions more frequently than others do. People also experience the same emotions with different intensities. Contrast Texas Tech basketball coach Bobby Knight to Microsoft CEO Bill Gates. The first is easily moved to anger, while the other is relatively distant and unemotional. Knight and Gates probably differ in affect intensity, or how strongly they experience their emotions.33 Affectively intense

The Theory Of Utilitarianism By Jeremy Bentham And John...

Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill both present great ideas towards Utilitarianism. Bentham on one hand came up with the theory of Utilitarianism, while Mill tried to build upon Bentham’s ideology, and make his own stronger. Bentham believed in one ultimate moral principle, the principle of utility. Bentham’s principle of utility is stated in chapter one of â€Å"Principles of Morals and Legislation†, â€Å"By utility is meant that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness, (all this in the present case comes to the same thing) or (what comes again to the same thing to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered† Which in short just means that the principle approves or disapproves of an action, based on whether or not happiness is augmented or diminished, and the interest of everyone(community) is considered. Bentham’s princi ple of utility is applied through what Bentham calls Felicity Calculus. Felicity Calculus is a set of seven questions that an individual should consider when evaluating the happiness an action will yield. The questions are: Intensity(How intense is the happiness?), Duration(How long will the happiness last?), Certainty(How sure is the individual that the action will make them happy?), Propinquity( How soon will the individual be happy?), Fecundity(Will the action produce even more pleasure?), Purity(How free from pain is theShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Utilitarianism? I believe that utilitarianism is the theory in which actions are right if they produce happiness and wrong if they don’t produce happiness. Happiness is what every human being look forward to. When making a decision, all possible outcomes must be ensured that it will lead to happiness. Utilitarianism is based o n the principle of utility .Utility is the ability to be useful while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally considered a moral theory that was found by JeremeyRead MoreUtilitarianism, By Jeremy Bentham And John Stewart Mill s The Principle Of Utility868 Words   |  4 Pages1. Utilitarianism is a consequential theory by not only a matter of what we are capable of emotionally doing but to also do a matter of what we ought to do rationally. Actions to benefit the majority to maximize happiness for the greater of good of people and minimize unhappiness. Utilitarian is a hard universal theory for the universal moral code that applies to everyone to maximize happiness and minimize misery or unhappiness for the great of good. In the matter in which peoples consequences areRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Workable Moral Theory? Why Or Why Not?958 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism: A Workable Moral Theory? Why or Why Not? Utilitarianism is one of the most commonly used ethical theories from the time it was formulated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mill in the nineteenth century. In his work, Utilitarianism, Bentham â€Å"sought to dispel misconceptions that morality has nothing to do with usefulness or utility or that morality is opposed to pleasure† (MacKinnon, 2012, p. 53). To simplify the utilitarian principle, which is one of utilityRead MoreJerry Springer : The Opera1572 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will assess and explore the BBC’s decision to broadcast â€Å"Jerry Springer: The Opera† broadcasted on 8 January 2005, by drawing on Utilitarianism and Kantianism theories. Background â€Å"Jerry Springer : The Opera† is a British musical written by Stewart Lee and Richard Thomas (Freud, 2003). The opera is based on the famous American chat show which has been running since 1991 and is still a very popular television show to this date (AE Television Networks, 2015). The first time theRead MoreEssay about Martha Stewart Ethics1436 Words   |  6 PagesMartha Stewart: Lemons into Lemonade Before one can make an informed decision as to whether Martha Stewarts handled the incident responsibly or whether or not her actions were moral or immoral, one must first understand the basics of ethics and understand whose rights are involved and how they were affected. Then one must also examine who will be helped and who will be hurt by her actions and then make a decision based on the information and personal values as they relate to the issue. MarthaRead MoreTest Bank For Ethics For The Information Age 5th Edition Mike Quinn4321 Words   |  18 PagesFriday-evening game-playing sessions d) Promoting a culture in which computer enthusiasts freely shared software e) Developing the world’s first graphical user interface 20. Who wrote â€Å"An Open Letter to Hobbyists,† complaining about software theft? a) Stewart Brand b) Bob Frankston c) Bill Gates d) Steve Jobs e) Steve Wozniak 21. A key application that first made personal computers more attractive to business was a) the spreadsheet program. b) the World Wide Web. c) desktop publishing. d) video editingRead MoreLying Is Considered An Immoral Act1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthey were preserving international relations; therefore, there actions were in the interest of the greatest number of people. As long as the society’s general happiness is higher than their pain, the act of lying is moral. The act utilitarian, Jeremy Bentham, believes that it is necessary to take actions that maximize utility in every situation (Justice What’s the Right Thing to Do 34). An act utilitarian judges the individual action according to its tendency to promote happiness (Justice a ReaderRead MoreCapital Punishment And Its Effect On Society2096 Words   |  9 Pagescontrast to Utilitarianism, many people oppose the death penalty due to its intrusive violation of human rights. The overpowering opposition against the death penalty has led to the moral debate on whether or not capital punishment results in the best possible outcome for everyone in society. Comparing and contrast ing Utilitarian views and the opposing views on capital punishment displays the lack of moral justification in criminal execution. Utilitarianism was originated by Jeremy Bentham, but furtherRead MoreJohn Stewart Mill s Theory Of Utility3157 Words   |  13 PagesJohn Stewart Mill formed his theory of utility in his essay Utilitarianism. His first principle was based on the notion mankind had no ultimate standard of morality; Thus, human beings have not agreed upon a universal code of behavior with which to examine and criticize laws imposed on a society. Mill stated his theory of utility could be used to judge the morality of all actions. Although the non-existence of an acknowledged first principle has made ethics not so much a guide as a consecrationRead MoreIs rule-utilitarianism preferable to act-utilitarianism Essay1772 Words   |  8 Pagesrule-utilitarianism preferable to act-utilitarianism? Classical utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory which holds that an action can only be considered as morally right where its consequences bring about the greatest amount of good to the greatest number (where good is equal to pleasure minus pain). Likewise, an action is morally wrong where it fails to maximise good. Since it was first articulated in the late 19th Century by the likes of Jeremy Bentham and later John Stewart Mill, the

Public Administration Budgeting and Human Resource

Question: Discuss about thePublic Administrationfor Budgeting and Human Resource. Answer: Introduction Public administration is a field of study that primarily focuses on organizational management and executive action. It also entails the practical implementation of policies and statues in an executive and mandated order (Lane, 2005). For this reason, public administrators are expected to offer government requisite programs and tender that exhibit value and service to the public. Public administration is characterized by six key elements including ethics, statistics, policy analysis, organizational theory, budgeting, and human resource. As such, it is evident that public administration encompasses a broad array of aspects making it a multidisciplinary element of management. Hierarchy of Southwest Airline Overview of the Company The Southwest Airline is a collective air transport organization that primarily deals in cargo and human transit within the United States with possible expansion being forecasted to other nations. The Southwest airline brags of being the largest low-cost carrier service provider in the world with an important market share in the flight sector. As a publicly traded company, Southwest Airline has a competent workforce. The Southwest airline deals with approximately 3,900 customers on a daily basis with peak travel days registering an even higher number. The franchise has fully tendered and traded in 98 destinations within the United States. It is worth noting that the Southwest airline has a wide operating base with an approximated fleet size of 713 aircraft. Hierarchy of Southwest Airline Hierarchy is defined as the structuring, arrangement and distribution of powers, responsibilities, and authority with the primary objective of enhancing efficient and coordinated flow of work in the organization (Robbins Coulter, 2015). The organization assumes a vertical structure in conducting its operations. For instance, authority streams from the top management to middle management and lastly, to lower management. The organization top level management is responsible for the organizational well being such as ensuring that employees are satisfied with their work and they are realizing the company strategic objectives. Despite the fact that the top management is responsible for making all decisions in the organization, they often seek approval from the junior staffs. The top management including the board of directors understands the importance of employee engagement in decisions that affects their employees. For this reason, they often seek their approval before implementing any decision to ensure that employees feel valued by the company. The figure below highlights the organization hierarchy. Figure 1: Southwest Airline hierarchy. Management System of Southwest Airline Management system is described as the institutionalized framework that encompasses all policies, mandates, duties and tasks to ensure that the strategic objectives of the organization are realized (Griffin, 2010). Notably, the Southwest airline has since inception organized its management system to maintain its competitiveness in the airline industry. As such, it uses an ISO certified systems that are characterized by various aspects of quality management, social accountability and information security management systems (ISMS). Below is a summarized chart of the management system cycle of the company. Figure 2: Southwest Airline Management System Role of Management It is important for organizations to appreciate and acknowledge the essential roles played by management on effective work process. Ideally, management forms the backlog of all organizational processes and hence there is a lot of essence accredited to it (Pfiffner Presthus, 2009). Some of the fundamental role that organization management performs includes planning the organizational flow of processes, organizing activities of the organization, staffing objectives, and decision-making process. These functions are crucial in sustaining the competitiveness of the company in the airline industry. Flow of Communication at Southwest Airline The communication cycle and flow are vital elements within an organization because they depict the level of effectiveness of management. The communication cycle is categorized into five including downward communication, upward communication, lateral communication, diagonal communication, and external communication (Boateng Nikoi, 2004). These communication strategies are used by various organizations to communicate with employees. Southwest Airline makes of upward communication style. According to Wilson (2010), upward communication is that which moves from lower levels to the highest level. As such, subordinates are actively involved in decision making and results in a loyal workforce. Southwest airline in its strategic plan cites the use of upward cycle to ensure that they have a loyal subordinate as well as ensure equitable relations. In conclusion, management plays an essential role in enhancing the competitiveness of an organization. It is their duty to plan and coordinate all the functions of the organization to ensure that things are running smoothly. Besides, communication is essential in engaging employees in issues affecting the organization. The use of upward communication strategy by Southwest Airline makes employees feel valued and respected. References Boateng, K., Nikoi, E. (2014). Collaborative Communication Processes and Decision Making in Organizations. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Griffin, Ricky W. Fundamentals of Management: Core Concepts and Applications. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. Print. Lane, J. (2005). Public Administration Public Management : The Principal-Agent Perspective. London: Routledge. Pfiffner, J. M., Presthus, R. V. (2009). Public administration. New York: Ronald Press. Robbins, S. P., Coulter, M. K. (2015). Management.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wilson, G. L., Goodall, H. L., Waagen, C. L. (2010).Organizational communication. New York: Harper Row.